Construction Technology And Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Construction Technology And Innovation - Essay Example In the provided setting, looking out for all the environmental impacts comes in handy. The building is located in a busy location with a lot of traffic. It is thus important to understand that the cars passing by the house do not spend a lot of time at the location because the ground is rather weak. It is a requirement that the house uses rather tough tiles and the most recommended is the ceramic tiles. Green Raw Materials and Concepts Ceramic is harder than stone and hence effective enough to use in places with clay soil and having many people around. In the making of such houses, it is important to ensure that there is minimal use of space while still providing satisfactory area for people to use. The surrounding environment to the house should not have any building around it and should provide ample space for some form of field with grass. Grass is necessary seeing as the ground beneath is clay provides a rather smooth setting and environment for growth. Moreover, research has sho wn that having chemicals sprayed over the grass eventually leads to the clay soil beneath the foundation of the house stronger and can assist during the rainy season (Vasil, 2009, 77). Clearly, having ample grass space is not an aspect to conform to because it is a town setting but leaving space for it nevertheless is advisable in the setting. Clay soil is strong and provides a great support for the foundation and the basement. This is from the way its particles join to form one large compact Substance. This substance leaves no space for air and thus makes it even harder. However, during the dry periods, the soil gets wet and the particles, having not supported themselves alone, end up breaking into pieces. This consequently has the building developing cracks and eventually falling to the ground, which is a hazard needless to state. Below is an example of a building in the initial stages of construction just before the pouring of concrete Energy Conservation Conservation of energy i s one of the most important aspects to understand when dealing with the construction of a green building basement. The basement in this situation is for the provision of energy from a more effective and reputable source. Natural lighting comes in effective for the preservation of any type of commodity that the building owners may term important. The basement should have photovoltaics that are rather an effective method to save on energy used in not only the preservation of the basement, but also the establishment of the foundation. Fuel cells to run the mortar in the creation of bricks can come from new house appliances. An environmentally friendly house is otherwise known as a green house. Inspection An inspector is a vital aspect in the analysis of the already set foundation for the building. Most precisely an engineer ought to observe the already set foundation for the determination of the stability position that the building will have. Failure to analyze this may lead to the con tractors and the builders carrying on with their work with no idea whatsoever of the sensitivity of the issue (Pearon, 2011, 102). The surveyor then comes in after this stage and determines the kind of footing to put depending on the type of building that the owner requires. In this case, a green house would require a rather high footing provided the soil formation and characteristics at the

The New Testament Essay Example for Free

The New Testament Essay The Book of Matthew is the first book of the New Testament, traditionally attributed to Saint Matthew. The purpose of the book was to show that Jesus was the Jewish Messiah, or deliverer, but that his ministry was spiritual and not political. Most Biblical scholars believe that Matthew was derived from the Gospel of Mark and a now- lost book of the sayings of Jesus. The Introduction (1:1-4:16) gives the genealogy of Jesus and tells of his birth, infancy, and preparation. The second division (4: 17-16:28) includes the Sermon on the Mount and deals mainly with the public ministry of Jesus. The third division (17: 1-20:34) deals mainly with Jesus’ private ministry with his disciples and stresses the requirements of true discipleship. The fourth division (21: 1-25:46) tells of the entry into Jerusalem and the events of the last week of Jesus. The final division (26:1-28:20) tells of the last evening with the disciples, the Crucifixion of Jesus, and His Resurrection. Mark The Gospel of Mark is the second book of the New Testament. The book, shortest of the four Gospels, was probably written by Saint Mark himself. Most scholars believe it was the first Gospel to be written and was the basis for both Matthew and Luke. According to Papias, a second- century bishop, the author of Mark drew largely from the reminiscence of Peter, but it is now assumed that he used other sources as well, both written and oral. He probably wrote in Rome, about 67 A. D. Many scholars believe that Peter’s death, presumedly in 64 A. D. , motivated Mark to record what had been told by Peter. The Gospel of Mark was written in colloquial Greek, in a vigorous, dramatic style. It presents Jesus Christ as a man of action and power who performed miracle and other mighty deeds, a human being and yet the Son of God. Mark says nothing about the birth and boyhood of Jesus. The Gospel has three divisions. The first (1:1-8:26) begins with the preaching of John the Baptist and his Baptism of Jesus, reports many parables and miracles, and tells of conflicts with the religious leaders. The second section (8:27- 10:45) stresses the coming crucifixion. The third section (10: 46- 16:8) tells of the final week in Jerusalem and relates the story of the Crucifixion of Jesus and His Resurrection. Many scholars believe that the end of the Gospel (16: 9-20) was not a part of the original writing, since these verses are not found in some early manuscripts. Luke The Gospel of Luke is the third book of the New Testament. The Gospel of Luke is generally attributed to Saint Luke. This book, which has been called the most beautiful ever written, tells of the life and ministry of Jesus Christ. Luke records the famous birth story, which ends with the adoration of the shepherds. The Gospel according to Saint Luke presents the teachings of Jesus as a message of universal salvation for all men everywhere. Luke has a strong humanitarian emphasis and shows a deep sympathy for the poor and weak. The Gospel stresses the importance of prayer and the power of the Holy Spirit. Many scholars believe that the Gospel of Luke is derived from the Gospel of Mark and a lost source of the sayings of Jesus. John The Gospel of John is the fourth book of the New Testament. Traditionally this book I attributed to John the Apostle. As a gospel the books tells the â€Å"good news† of the teachings and life of Jesus Christ. The Gospel of John is more a spiritual book and less a biography than the other gospels. Its purpose is to promote belief and faith in Jesus. It emphasizes the divinity of Jesus and deals with many theological issues. According to tradition, the books was written about 90- 100 A. D. in Ephesus by John the Apostle. Acts The book of Act was written by Saint Luke. The date of the writing is uncertain, but most scholars favor the period 8-90 A. D. At the beginning of the book the author states his purpose and that is to explain to Theophilus, and to the world, how Christianity arose and began its sweep across the earth. By this time Christianity appeared to be on the way to becoming a world religion, and some account of its beginning was needed so that it might appeal to cultured and learned people. It talks about the Day of Pentecost, empowered by the Holy Spirit; the apostles take the Good News of Jesus Christ throughout the Mediterranean world. The title is misleading, for Acts is not a record of all the original disciples of Jesus. The book gives the early history of Christianity from Christ’s ascension outside Jerusalem to Paul’s visit in Rome. Chapters 1-12 stress the work of Peter in Judea and nearby lands, mainly among Jews. Chapters 13- 28 tell of the far- ranging missionary preaching of Paul, mainly to gentiles. Romans Epistle to the Romans is a letter of Saint Paul and a book of the New Testament. Romans, is the longest of Paul’s letters, has been called â€Å"the first great work of Christian theology. † Summarizing his doctrine in 1: 16-17, Paul wrote that the Gospel of Christ is the â€Å"power of God unto salvation to everyone that believeth,† and â€Å"the just shall live by faith. † Men, he said, are justified by their belief in Jesus Christ. By believing in Him men find salvation, gain freedom from sin, and have a new life in the Holy Spirit. Paul wrote the letter to the Christian community in Rome about 58 A. D. He hoped to visit Rome, and apparently wrote the letter to prepare the way for his visit. Writing to a group composed of both Jews and Gentiles, Paul presented Christianity as a faith for all.

How children become gendered adults

How children become gendered adults At birth we are identified as male /female through biological factors, whereas our gendered identity is produced through how female /male we feel, and our gendered role is nurtured through our cultural environment and social beliefs. The nature side of the debate suggests that our gender is decided at the same time as our sex, and our behaviour differences are instinctive and have helped us survive. The differences are mostly put down to the way our bodies and brains differ. Our chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs put us in one gender category. However it does not explain how there is different gender roles across different cultures hence ignores how gender roles could be learnt. Nurture helps explain our development within our cultured environment, and life experiences prepare us for our gendered adulthood. Environmental theories highlight how culture affects the individual, social learning theorists suggest that our gender is learnt, and challenges the nature point of view that it is innate. When we are born our sexual organs decide what gender we are, and our parents and culture influence our gender identity through learnt behaviours. Males and females are treated differently from birth; parents are powerful role models in the early years and expectations of appropriate behaviour for the childs gender can be rewarded or punished, thus a child will be more likely to repeat the rewarded behaviour which helps reinforce what is considered acceptable behaviour for the childs gender. As a child develops and grows they gain an understanding of gendered behaviours through their social environment, developing an understanding of gender identity. They learn to identify particular behaviours appropriate to their gender and will model and imitate through reinforcement, association with same sex p arent, and same sex models, and it is ongoing throughout their childhood and on into adolescence. (Smith 2002) Criticisms to this are that when a baby is born the way it is treated by adults is influenced by its sex. A study done by Will, Self and Datan in 1976 shows that when the same baby is dressed in blue/ pink adults behave differently to it. Children tend to model their behaviour on the same sex parent and learn what is most appropriate for their gender, leading to praise which reinforces their identity, they can also imitate their same sex models behaviour through play and toys. In todays society children are often raised by one-parent families and this theory does not allow for the fact that these children may be being brought up by a different sex model yet still continue to behave in their gendered role through dress and encouragement of appropriate/ behaviour regardless of having anyone to model it on. It can be criticised for placing too much importance on particular models behavioural influences and losing site of the childs individual personality by portraying children as a pass ive part of the process and ignores individual motivation and self-regulation Cognitive development was developed by Piaget believing that our gender identity develops first and then children pay attention to same sex role models. Kohlberg went on to suggest there are three main stages to gender identity that children go through; gender identity (up to three years) where the child can identify their sex but are not aware that it is fixed and cannot change. Gender stability, (three five years) where the child is aware that their gender is fixed but still make assumptions of peoples gender by clothes and hairstyles. Gender constancy (six years onwards) where the child is aware of their gender regardless of peoples appearance. (Stainton Rogers, 2001). When gender constancy is reached Kohlberg believes that children pass through cognitive development stages and acquire gender related behaviours by developing gender identity. Although cross cultural studies support the Kohlbergs stages through this theory children can describe themselves as boys or girls and know how to choose gender associated toys and activities before they can relate to gender sexual differences. It supports that gender recognition happens before gender identity becomes fixed. Weakness of this theory suggests that it solely takes stages of development into account, placing little importance on the role of biology, emotion, social environment or culture. It also does not account as to why masculinity and femininity are valued by society differently. (Haralambos.M, 2002) Sandra Benn says that it fails to explain why sex has dominance other potential categories such as race, religion and eye colour. (Stainton Rogers, 2001) In conclusion one thing both theories have in common is that they rely on observation and identification children have with members of the same sex. The differences Kohlberg believed that as a result of three stages of gender identity a child goes through, the child develops a gender recognition through cognitive understanding to his/her gender and gender roles. Bandura social learning theory suggested that childrens gender identity was done through socialization rather than biology and that childrens behaviour is seen to be learned from their society through process of reinforcement and modelling. Gendered behaviours can be learned through reinforcement and we are more likely to copy behaviour if we have seen others rewarded for that same behaviour. . I believe that both social learning theorist and cognitive development theorists oversimplify gender identity, although both agree that society and culture have some influence over gender identity, it is difficult to accurately assume that the role of socialisation alone produces gender identity as they do not take in to consideration the biological factors of chromosomes, hormones and sexual organs in the development of gender identity or roles. Both biology and socialization play a part in our understanding of our gendered identities and roles in our cultures. (973 words) Works Cited Haralambos.M, R. F. 2002. Psychology in Focus for A Level . Lancashire: Causeway Press. Maccoby. E.E, J. C. 1974. The Psychology of Sex Differences, (as reported in various commentaries). Stanford: Stanford University Press. Stainton Rogers, R. R. 2001. the Psychology of Gender and Sexuality. Berkshire: Open University Press. Unkown. 2007. About Gender. Retrieved January 3, 2010, from www.gender.org.uk: http://www.gender.org.uk/about/index.htm#psycho

Essay --

Should Marijuana be legalized ? In all honesty, should it be? Ask yourself again. How is alcohol legal. Marijuana is much safer and has medicinal use capability . According to Cbsnews.com, in a recent poll in the New England Journal of Medicine, 76% of doctors approve Marijuana for medical use. 1446 doctors asked in 72 total countries. Why is marijuana so widely supported? Because it’s medical capabilities are legit. (I’ll address medical capabilities below) Alcohol totally impairs you and and causes your frontal lobes to malfunction. Its stupid, alcohol, which is actually dangerous is legal and people are still killing themselves under the influence, but Marijuana is good for you yet illegal? It seems as if the government is trying to kill us with such a thing being legal (I don’t drink or smoke so this isn’t biased) . Besides, who really cares? --> If â€Å"potheads† want to smoke, why not just let them smoke? Prisons are for criminals and not for people who smoke a plant that makes them happy. A significant aspect of this controversy is that freedom is being seized. In 2007, arrests for Marijuana alone totalled up to 775,138, dramatically surpassing arrests for all violent crime combined. That’s just ridiculous. People should not be getting incarcerated for smoking a plant that is beneficial to health. Most people just smoke it to reduce stress. Weed smokers are not criminals; rapists, killers, and thieves are criminals. Seriously people, prisons are being flooded. Sticking someone in prison isn’t something that’s cheap. According to Ministry of Justice, the cost of keeping someone in prison is roughly $25,000 a year. These people can’t get jobs, in many states, possession of Marijuana can be ruled a misdemeanor or a felony. A ... ...mount of our population suffers from at least one of these conditions. Moreover, non-cannabis supporters’ strongest argument is the abuse of the plant. The opposition’s argument states that Marijuana is addictive, but recent studies by a professor at the University of Cambridge in England named Leslie L. Iverson, who also wrote a book called â€Å"The Science Of Marijuana†, show that only 9% of Marijuana users develop serious dependency of the plant. Those are overwhelming statistics for anyone trying to keep the plant illegal. In conclusion, Marijuana should definitely be decriminalized. It benefits human health, it will boost the economy if taxed, it will massively reduce the profit of international crime gangs, it will bring down the ever so high crime rate, and will result in prisons not being packed with people who don’t belong there. Support Marijuana legalization!

Assessment is the most powerful tool for learning

Appraisal in assorted signifiers has been in usage for a long clip, Wainer & A ; Braun 1988 study that insistent appraisal was in usage within China from about 2200 B.C. These trials were organised harmonizing to the rule that a little set of personal accomplishments measurings could bespeak how a individual was traveling to execute. However, within instruction, there is limited grounds for execution of dependable and valid appraisals of pupil public presentation before the morning of the twentieth century. Dochy, F. , & A ; McDowell, L. ( 1997 ) , Newton, P. ( 2010 ) , Black, P, Harrison, C, Lee, C, Marshall, B & A ; Wiliam, D ( 2003 ) all agree that instruction is recognised across the universe as possibly the most critical public service of all, and that within instruction, appraisal is indispensable to let all pupils to be given the educational support they require, and to let the pedagogue to find the effectivity of different educational methods within the pupils larning procedu re. Summational and formative appraisals can be identified as the cardinal methods by which instructors and other educational professionals gather grounds of pupil acquisition. This does non connote that there should be a pick between appraisal for larning ( formative appraisal ) and appraisal of acquisition ( summational appraisal ) , as both have instruction maps that support pupil accomplishment. Assessment for larning explores the possibility for accomplishment for acquisition by the pupil, and indicates the following measure to be taken in order to advance larning through the kineticss of instruction and acquisition, whereas, appraisal of acquisition shows what has been already achieved, memorised, absorbed and displays merely a limited snapshot of the current scholastic state of affairs. With the usage of appraisal for acquisition, learning professionals are able to supply penetrations into advancement that a pupil has achieved, and how the school and its staff have contributed to this development. Wiliam, D. and Leahy, S. ( 2007 ) indicates that the compelling issue is guaranting that the chosen type of appraisal best suits the educational acquisition end and intent of the pupil. If the educational intent is to better acquisition, so of course, appraisal for larning would be best suited. However, if the educational intent is to describe on a current state of affairs and to compare students against pre-determined criterions or other pupils, so appraisal of acquisition should be used. Although some tools used for both signifiers of appraisal may be the same, for illustration verbal inquiring, the cardinal issues emerging from the feedback provided by educational professionals Black, P, Harrison, C, Lee, C, Marshall, B & A ; Wiliam, D 2003 indicates that it is imperative to maintain focused on the fact that appraisal for larning purposes at bettering acquisition, whereas appraisal of larning purposes at mensurating public presentation of the pupils. Summational appraisal besides ensures answerability of educational constitutions and the professionals working within those constitutions. Professionals and cons Black, P. , et Al, ( 2003 ) tells us that although appraisal today can be placed within these two countries of formative and summational appraisal, their definitions may hold become confused in the past few old ages, peculiarly the definition of formative appraisal. Harlen, W. ( 2004 ) Indicates that a instructors ‘ deficiency of apprehension of the cardinal differences between appraisal for acquisition and appraisal of larning can take to confusion within the category room, and hinder educational advancement of the pupil if appraisal is non used in the right manner. ( Harlen, W. ( 2004 ) . Appraisal of acquisition may be conducted by professionals who are external to the school, for illustration educational inspectors, who may be required to supply a snapshot of an educational constitution at a peculiar point in clip. However, they may non ever know or understand the school context and life in the necessary item in order to supply a balanced appraisal. As seen late with the debut of conference tabular arraies ( dcsf.gov.uk 2009 ) , there is a high hazard of the incorrect type of appraisal being used to rate instructors, pupils and educational installations as successes or failures. Short-run summational public presentation appraisals may neglect to take history of the scene in which pedagogues and scholars map, taking to a spiral of â€Å" Teach to prove † methods where the lives of pupils and everyone involved in their instruction, progressively revolve around trials. Teachers hence narrow their course of study to learn to the trial, and school decision makers and the general populace are going score-obsessed. Appraisal for Learning ( formative appraisal ) is concerned with roll uping grounds about larning that is used to accommodate instruction and program following educational stairss. Evidence about acquisition is important as it indicates if there has been a displacement, or non, in the procedure of larning for a given pupil. On the footing of such grounds, instructors can explicate targets/goals and are able to supply pupils with feedback about their acquisition ( Hattie and Timperly, 2007 ) , clearly bespeaking to pupils non merely what they need to larn, but besides giving them information on how best they can larn it, hence lending to pupils ‘ contemplation on their ain acquisition. Recent research on the topic of appraisal and acquisition ( Black and Wiliam, 1998 ; Black et al. , 2002 ) provides strong grounds that appraisal can be used to better academic degrees and criterions, in peculiar, formative appraisal where pupils have a common apprehension of the marks they are dr aw a bead oning to make and how to make them can be an effectual tool to better acquisition. Black and Wiliam ( 1998 ) , Boud, D ( 1995 ) to boot reported that significant betterments in overall public presentation, in peculiar with low-attainers, could be successfully achieved where self appraisal was used to promote larning within those pupils. ( It is normally agreed that appraisal is one of the most powerful educational tools for advancing effectual acquisition ) . Both are needed In a balanced appraisal system, both summational and formative appraisals are an built-in portion of any information assemblage procedure about any pupil. Therefore, if an pedagogue depends excessively much on one or the other, so it could be said that the world of pupil accomplishment in the schoolroom is inaccurate. Teachers find themselves transforming their instruction as on-going appraisal reveals how pupils approach undertakings, what helps them larn most efficaciously, and what schemes support their acquisition. The more instructors understand about what pupils know and how they think, the more capacity they have to reform their instruction, and the more chances they create for pupil success. In a reappraisal of research on appraisal and schoolroom acquisition, commissioned by the The Nuffield Foundation, Professors Paul Black and Dylan William carried out over 250 surveies associating appraisal and acquisition ( Black, P.J. and William, D1998 ) . the surveies showed that thoughts designed to heighten the manner appraisal is used by instructors in the schoolroom to promote acquisition, can well increase the pupil ‘s accomplishment. The survey besides found grounds that the addition was even more likely to be significant for low-achieving pupils. The research besides showed that bettering larning through assessment depends on cardinal factors such as: effectual feedback by the instructor to the pupils, active engagement of pupils in their ain acquisition, accommodation of learning manners to take history of the consequences of appraisal, and a acknowledgment by the instructor that assessment influences the self-esteem and motive of pupils. However, the research besid es identified several inhibiting factors: a inclination for instructors to measure measure and presentation of work instead than the quality of acquisition, excessively much focal point on marker and scaling, which tended to take down the self-pride of pupils, and instead than giving advice and counsel on betterment there was a strong focal point on comparing pupils which demotivated and demoralised the less successful pupils. In this instance it could be said that instructors ‘ feedback to pupils served societal and control intents instead than assisting the pupils to larn more efficaciously, possibly due to instructors non cognizing plenty about their pupils ‘ acquisition demands and motive. More by and large, on pupil motive, Harlen W. , & A ; Deakin Crick R. ( 2002 ) carried out the most extended reappraisal of research in recent old ages on the consequence of summational proving. They found that those trials that were seen as â€Å" high bets † de-motivated many pupils. However, it has been argued that some pupils thrive in the face of nerve-racking challenges and in fact, external trials and scrutinies do motivate pupils to take what they are larning earnestly. Additionally, DFES 2007 tells us that the UK authorities has late suggested this, when suggesting debut of new trials. ( Roach, P. 1999 ) besides promotes the usage of summational equal appraisal, but to boot stresses the troubles faced by instructors in larning to release control of the appraisal procedure. The thought of turning over summational appraisal to pupils could be seen as debatable, but it has the potency for back uping deep acquisition within those pupils. The value of both ego and peer app raisal is discussed in Brown and Glasner 1999, who province that pupils are required to larn by prosecuting in assessed undertakings. Assessment is non peripheral to the larning undertaking or a necessary immorality to be endured, It is cardinal to the whole acquisition procedure. Assessment, including contemplation on their ain work and that of their equals, is the larning itself. Assessment should supply an drift for pupil acquisition and to boot a accelerator for brooding instruction patterns. Teacher accomplishments Therefore, it is cardinal to the development of appropriate appraisal that there must be a direct nexus between what is being â€Å" taught † and what is being â€Å" learned. † Both instructor and pupil must be able to place this nexus. As described by Lorin, W. et.al 2001, the instructor needs to guarantee that the undertaking both in footings of the instructional procedure and the topic aims, is relevant and valid to guarantee that the larning experience of the pupil will ensue in the building of new cognition through a procedure that assembles personally identified content and accomplishments. Therefore, all farther appraisal may be reinforced by clear and concise categorization of larning results by the instructor to the pupil. Similar to pupils, instructors are besides scholars as they examine multiple measurings of pupil attitude and public presentation, every bit good as degrees of satisfaction. As modern instruction moves towards formative appraisal, and pupils are no longer being educated to execute rote undertakings focused on cognition and apprehension, there is a greater demand for instructors be supported as they get extra acquisition and learning accomplishments as Godheads and users of formative appraisal. Bullard, P. and Taylor B.O. ( 1994 ) suggest that all instructors who integrate appraisal into their instruction do so in order to place where their pupils are in their acquisition, and the stairss they need to take for betterment and advancement. However, historically instructors were frequently expected to be inactive Jesuss of course of study pre-packaged by a Government section and, or a distant text edition publication company. The turning motion towards instructors being shapers and users of assessment informations reflects the displacement from instructor as educational assembly line workers, to the facilitators of life-time scholar. Formative appraisal, for illustration, is assessment that is designed to back up larning. In recent old ages the importance of implementing appraisal in this signifier has come to the head, mostly because of Black and William ‘s ( 1998 ) often cited reappraisal of their research and evidentiary notes. Black and William ‘s grounds strongly supported the effectivity of formative appraisal and its publicity of larning. In acknowledgment of this fact, over a proportionally short period of clip their research has been recognized as the manner frontward by a assortment of educationists and non least by instructors themselves. This grass roots growing in acceptance by the instruction and educational sphere was bolstered by research-based rules designed to supply a principle for schoolroom pattern ( ARG, 2002 ; Gardner, 2006 ) . In â€Å" The Socrates Syndrome – Questions that should ne'er be Asked † Campbell ( 1995 ) suggests that true instruction is a â€Å" life-time of seamless experience, linking single episodes into an of all time spread outing web of significance, penetration and apprehension. † But Campbell besides acknowledges that inquiring the sorts of inquiries that make this true instruction possible is endangering. However, in the eyes of many of today ‘s educational professionals, an extraordinary assortment of classroom-targeted enterprises has been unleashed on schools over the past decennary and more, all with the same general purpose, that of the betterment of pupil acquisition. Appraisal by instructors, whether formative or summational, is one of these developments that is considered to offer important potency for bettering pupils ‘ acquisition ( Black and Wiliam, 1998 ; Harlen, 2007 ) . Darling Hammond, ( 1996 ) suggest that the focal point needs to be about assisting instructors use appraisal as portion of instruction and acquisition in ways that will raise pupils ‘ accomplishment. the usage of formative appraisal, Sadler, D.R. ( 1998 ) tells us that the most successful acquisition takes topographic point when pupils have ownership of their acquisition, understand the marks they are taking to accomplish, are motivated, and have the applicable accomplishments and tools in topographic point to assist them accomplish success. Therefore, non merely are these the most indispensable characteristics of effectual daily acquisition in any schoolroom, they are the basis of successful womb-to-tomb acquisition for all pupils. With this in head, it appears that the most of import message now facing the educational community is that appraisal, which is explicitly designed to advance acquisition, is the individual most powerful tool we have for both raising criterions and a uthorising womb-to-tomb scholars. The value that appraisal can hold in the procedure of acquisition every bit good as for rating work and entering accomplishment has been widely recognised ( TGAT 1998 ) . ( It is normally agreed that appraisal is one of the most powerful educational tools for advancing effectual acquisition ) . In decision Promoting kids ‘s acquisition is a chief purpose of schools and that appraisal lies at the bosom of that procedure. Additionally assessment should be seen as powerful tool for larning and non entirely a political solution to comprehend jobs over educational criterions and answerability. it can be said that appraisal is one of the most powerful educational tools for advancing effectual acquisition. It is an built-in portion in the instruction and larning procedure across all degrees of instruction. Therefore, due to assessment being one of the most important and of import parts in the hereafter of pupils, there can be perfectly no uncertainty that any assessment system now or in the hereafter will hold a major make up one's minding factor in what pupils learn and the manner in which they carry out that larning. Hence appraisal will besides find the manner in which instruction professionals teach and what they teach. But as antecedently stated, appraisal is non merely about rating and transporting out scrutinies. It is besides about constructing a instruction relationship with pupils and the quality of the pupils larning and with that, to utilize that cognition and apprehension to heighten the pupils larning experience. Therefore it can be said that appraisal is unamb iguously one of the chief constituents of the instruction and acquisition procedure. It is hence of the most importance that all instructors are familiar non merely with the proficient facets of the different signifiers of appraisal presently in usage but besides with their advantages and restrictions in the current instruction sphere.

Washington Adventist University Admissions Data

Washington Adventist University Admissions Data Washington Adventist University Description: Washington Adventist University, WAU, is a private university affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The university occupies a 19-acre campus in Takoma Park, Maryland, about seven miles from downtown Washington, D.C. (see other D.C. colleges). The universitys diverse student body comes from 40 states and 47 countries. Washington Adventist takes its Christian identity seriously, and students will find an active spiritual life on campus with regular convocations, student-led vespers, and prayer groups. WAU is made up of three schools: the School of Arts Social Sciences; School of Health Professions, Science Wellness; and School of Graduate Professional Studies. Professional Studies programs cater to working adults, and roughly a third of WAU students are 25 or over. WAU students can choose from 47 bachelors degree programs, 9 masters degrees, and a wide range of academic minors. Nursing is by far the most popular program at WAU. Academics are supported by a 7 to 1 student / faculty ratio and small classes. Academically talented students should check out the WAU Honors Program for access to special classes, research experiences and cultural opportunities. Student stay active outside of the classroom through involvement in a range of student clubs and organizations as well as intramural and intercollegiate athletics. The Washington Adventist University Shock compete in   the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA). Admissions Data (2016): Washington Adventist University Acceptance Rate: 33%Washington Adventist University has test-optional admissionsTest Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 360 / 470SAT Math: 360 / 480SAT Writing: - / -Whats a good SAT score?ACT Composite: 14  / 21ACT English: 15 / 22ACT Math: 15 / 16Whats a good ACT score? Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 1,090  (911 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 41% Male / 59% Female77% Full-time Costs (2016- 17): Tuition and Fees: $23,400Books: $1,200 (why so much?)Room and Board: $8,930Other Expenses: $1,100Total Cost: $34,630 Washington Adventist University Financial Aid (2015- 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 50%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 49%Loans: 33%Average Amount of AidGrants: $11,541Loans: $6,251 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Business Administration, Early Childhood Education, Elementary Education, Genreal Studies, Health Care Administration, Nursing, Psychology Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 75%4-Year Graduation Rate: 17%6-Year Graduation Rate: 38% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Track and Field, Basketball, Cross Country, SoccerWomens Sports:  Volleyball, Cross Country, Soccer, Basketball, Track and Field Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like Washington Adventist University, You May Also Like These Schools: Union College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphWalla Walla University: Profile  Bowie State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphOakwood University: Profile  Coppin State University: Profile  Hood College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphDelaware State University: Profile  Towson University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAndrews University: Profile  Howard University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph   Washington Adventist University Mission Statement: see the complete mission statement at  https://www.wau.edu/mission-statement/ A WAU education is faith based and student focused. The University offers more than 32 majors and academic programs leading to associate, bachelor and graduate degrees. You will experience small, lively classes taught by faculty who are committed to your success. Special options include the honors program, pre-professional programs, bridge program, capital summer session, study abroad, internships for credit and a special first year experience program to assist incoming freshmen in the transition to college life.

The Contemporary Politics of Development in Nigeria

The Contemporary Politics of Development in Nigeria Neoliberalism Background For the past two decades, the concept of neoliberalism has been a subject of intense debate in many political and economic arenas. Scholars argue that we live in a world shaped by the ideology of neoliberalism. The term ‘neo’ means new or recent, therefore by its own definition, neoliberalism is a reincarnation of liberalism; meaning that the ideology of liberalism has undergone a complete transformation; a cycle that all ideologies seem to undergo.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Contemporary Politics of Development in Nigeria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This process includes the following stages: formulation and growth of the ideology, succeeded by a decline and finally emerging as a new and redefined ideology. Though neoliberalism stems out of liberalism, the two concepts are not identical (Wolfson 2004: 34). Classical liberalism is an ideology that advocates for a fr ee market economy, where the state has limited influence on the day to day business of its citizenry. Definition In an attempt to define and shed light on this phenomenon, neoliberalism can be termed as: â€Å"A theory of political economic practices that proposes that human well-being can be advanced by liberating individual entrepreneurial freedoms and skills with an institutional framework characterized by strong property rights, free markets and free trade. The role of the state is to create and preserve an institutional framework appropriate to such practices. The state has to guarantee, fir example, the quality and integrity of money. It must also set up those military, defense, police and legal structures and functions required to secure private property rights and to guarantee, by force if need be, the proper functioning of markets. Furthermore, if markets do not exist (in areas such as land, water, education, health care and social security) then they must be created, by s tate action if necessary. But beyond these tasks the state should not venture. State interventions in markets (once created) must be kept to a bare minimum because, according to the theory, the state can not possibly possess enough information to second-guess market signals (prices) and because powerful interest groups will inevitably distort and bias state interventions (particularly in democracies) for their own benefit† (Harvey 2005: 2) This definition views neoliberalism as a distinctive phenomenon, separate from liberalism. Neoliberalism is therefore, a political ideology which, strongly proposes that the legitimate function of the state is to ensure individual security, commercial liberty and to safeguard property rights. When these conditions are achieved, then the market is said to be free to transact and facilitate exchange of goods and services.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Political Development in Nigeria Background Nigeria is a federal republic with similar institutional structures as those found in the United States. This country has a population of 158 million people and a marked gross domestic product of 384 billion dollars and an annual growth rate of 9.1as per the 2010 fiscal year. Nigeria is an economic giant in the African region with vast resources in agriculture and in the oil industry. According to the report provided by the United Nation, on Human development index (HDI) in 2008, ranked Nigeria 159th out of the 177 countries. The table shows statistical data collected by the CIA World Factbook. Population (200) Life Expectancy (2008) Population below poverty line (2007) Total fertility rate (2008) Literacy (2008) Population living with HIV/AIDS 138,283,240 47.8 years 70% 5.4 Children/women 68% 5.4% Source: CIA World Factbook. The data in the table above shows a number of failures in the overly neoliberal Nigeria. Though Nigeria is endowed with natural resources, a majority of the population still in deplorable conditions with poor sanitation, housing, no piped water and electricity. These conditions are further worsened by foreign oil companies that are exploiting the rich oil resource while leaving behind a devastating surrounding (Ihovbere 1994, p.24). Poverty levels in Nigeria Under neoliberalism, markets forces seem to be dominating the global economy. Despite the vast resources, Nigeria like any other third world is in an unequal global economy, with its development largely dependent on loans from multinational corporations, local banks and the political elite. The Neoliberal policies have been imposed on the African countries. The international financial institutions (World Bank, IMF and WTO) ensure that there are neoliberal reforms attached to the funds that they loan the Africans. Economic disparities are further advanced by the neoliberal policies. In his book Globalization Reducing Poverty and Inequality? Robert Wade claims that there has been a sizable gap in gross national products (GNPs) between the developed and the peripheral states (2004: 384). Wade also observes that claims of neoliberalism reducing poverty are not true, as the world economic inequalities seem to be rising everyday (2004: 400).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Contemporary Politics of Development in Nigeria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The 2005 Millennium Development goals for the African region, showed an increased number of Nigerians surviving on less than a dollar a day. The report also showed that a growing number of people were slum dwellers (2005: 364-393). The gross domestic product per capita in Nigeria is $ 1,721 (United Nations Development Programme, 2006). This figure perhaps represents data for the wealth few in the State. More than a half of the Nigerians are still living below the poverty lines. The oil companies enjoy a business atmosphere uninterrupted by the state; as a result, there is a little concern over protection of the environment. Every year, there are over 300 oil spills in Nigeria and the oil companies seem less concerned. The locals around the oil fields have been left with barren lands that can not be used for subsistent farming (Okeagu 2006: 202). This has resulted in an increased migration to the urban areas; leading to massive congestions of people with no jobs and housing (Davis, 2006, p.23). This whole process has a net effect of reducing the productivity of the state and creation of slums within business districts. Neoliberalism promotes the ideology that the most efficient way to allocate resources is through the market, this is not the case in Nigeria, resource allocation only benefits a small cluster of wealthy individuals as the poverty gap between the poor and rich widens. Wage regulation is another condition of this ideology, as uncontrolle d wages might push the inflation even higher and that private sectors should be allowed to invest in public institutions and enterprises. These conditions, when applied in Nigeria, the beneficiaries are the few elites as poverty levels keep on rising (Okeagu 2006, p.108). The free- market economy and security The geo-politics of oil in Nigeria Oil accounts for 95% of the total export of Nigeria and like all regions with rich oil reserves, the western countries always find a way to control countries with this resource. Though government has jurisdiction over all oil fields, it is the foreign companies that dictate the terms (Junger, 2007). The free-market ideology has put this resource in the hands of private investors and the political class of Nigeria who work with foreign companies to exploit the extraction process. A militant group, called The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), unhappy with the way the foreign companies destroyed their environment, decided t o wage war against them. In 2006, they took control of the Niger Delta. The MEND was vicious and had resoted to killing as a way of combating the foreigners (Junger, 2007). Neoliberalization claims that the state should use its institutions to safeguard and protect the citizens and their properties.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since the militia started causing havoc, the state militarized the river states at the Delta. In 2006, a joint task force of the security forces attacked and killed 15 members of the MEND. This region had been restricted and considered dangerous to the community around that area. The insecurity also caused the production of oil to decline, leading to a decline of 2.6% in the growth rate of Nigeria. This is what prompted President Olusegun Obasanjo to order the security forces to pacify the region. Ethnic Conflicts In the last four decades, Niger Delta has experienced ethnic conflicts that are fueled by the desire to gain social recognition and the agitation to control the oil resource; thereby posing substantial challenges to economic development. These communities are grossly dependent on socio-economic activities, but they are marginalized, psychologically alienated and underdeveloped (Suberu, 1996, p.31). The MEND and the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) enga ged in constant conflicts over resources and had proposed the creation of states based on ethnicity. In order to deal with these conflicts, the government decided to create institutions that would deal with that problem. These institutions included: the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) formed in 2000 and the Niger Delta Ministry (NDM) formed in 2009. Even thought these institutions were formed to develop the region, there is still a presence of conflict in the region. The free market allocation of resources proposed by the neoliberal theory has only caused more harm to the Niger Delta, as there is no evidence of equitable distribution (Castree, 2005, p.45). In view of this, people will always defend resources that maintain their survival and development leading to violent conflicts (Dibua, 2006, p.67). Neoliberalism visvis human rights According to the tenets of neoliberalism, the state is supposed to guarantee the freedoms and liberties of all the citizens. The fundamental rights of the modern Nigeria were first entrenched in the constitution in 1960 and were further revisited in 1999, when the bill of rights was included. Bill was aimed at protecting the political and economic well-being of the Nigerian people (Kalu, 2001, p.243-267). These rights have however been violated by both the government and its institutions. According to the report by Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and labour (2010), Nigeria experienced human rights violations that included: depriving the citizens the right to change their government. There was extrajudicial killing that was politically motivated and carried out by Nigerian security forces. According to the Amnesty International report (2009), security forces were responsible for exciting detainees in their custody. Societal Abuse and Discrimination Nigeria is currently by the federal law, which prohibits homosexual relations; homosexual offenses carry a sentence of up to 15 years in jail. Northern states of Nigeria are mostly comprised of a Muslim population and apply the Sharia law to its full extent. Individuals found engaging in homosexual activities are punished by stoning to death. In 2008, members of a church were stoned to death by an angry mob because they were friendly to the to the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender groups (LGBT). As a fundamental right, the government should protect citizens against these discriminations (Herskovits, 1980). Another group that is also discriminated against is the group with persons living with HIV/AIDS. Some people regard this disease as an evidence of immoral behavior amongst people living with the virus. This group has further been discriminated against the work places, schools, hospitals and in other social faculties. In 2008, the Bauchi State Agency embarked on a mission to pair up couples that were HIV positive. By March the following year (2009), about 100 couples had been paired up and married. The activity was aimed at reducing and preventin g further spread of the HIV virus. This in itself is gross violation of Human freedoms of association. Rights of Association The law stipulates that all citizens are at liberty to form and join any trade unions of their choice. Though this true, the law has also formulated statutes of limitations. Trade unions have to meet the requirements of the law in order to the recognized. First, they must be registered by the government and must reach the thresh hold of 50 members in order to be considered for registration. These limitations were perhaps aimed at preventing the proliferation of small trade unions which are mostly formed by the lower income earners. In 2009, there were about 8 million people registered by unions, this represented 65 percent of the entire professional staff, both public and private (Koehn, 1998). However these figures have been declining fewer members registered each year. Although the laws states that unions should carry out their activities without any outside interruption, it also fails to effectively define what legal activity is and what is not. The Nigerian law also prohibits the right to strike; this is one of the fundamental rights of workers. The right to strike is universally accepted and it is to this effect that the International Labour Organization (ILO) ruled that this policy by the Nigerian government was contrary to the universal convention. This is to show that the government has failed to affect the ideals of the neoliberalism (Hushala, 2010) Child labour has also been common in Nigeria although this is contrary to the law. The government agents have failed to protect the Nigerian children against unlawful exploitation. The National Agency for the prevention of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP) indicated that over 15 million underage children were involved in forced and child labour. The law requires that underage children may be employed to perform small chores and receive wages at the end of the day. This had not been obs erved by the perpetrators of this crime. And so far, nothing has been done to curb this vice. In 2010, the Nigerian parliament passed an Act that allowed workers to be compensated for work related injuries. These laws encompass all workers whether domestic or foreign (Ajulo, and Co. Castle of Law., 2008). Conclusion Contrary to popular belief that neoliberalism defines the modern society, the failure of the third world to successfully integrate it tenets in political and economic policies as witnessed in the case of Nigeria shows that this ideology has a long way to go as far as the developing economies are concerned. Bibliography Ajulo, K., and Co. Castle of Law., 2008. Constitutionalism and Fundamental human rights Nigeria. Legal Directions. Available at:  https://www.hg.org/ . Castree, N., 2005. Nature. New York: Routledge. Davis, M., 2006. Planet of Slums. New York: Verso. Dibua, J., 2006. Modernization and problem of development in Africa. Vermont: Ashgate Gramsci, A., 2007. Africa: The geo-politics of a modern democracy. New York: International Publishers. Harvey, D., 1996. Valuing Nature: Justice, nature and the geography of difference. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc. Herskovits, J., 1980. Democracy in Nigeria. Foreign Affairs. Available at:  https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/nigeria/1979-12-01/democracy-nigeria . Hushala, T. 2010. The politics of a dying Nation. New York: Syracuse University Press. Ihovbere, J. O., 1994. Nigeria: the politics of adjustment and democracy. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. Junger, S., 2007. Blood Oil. Vanity Fair. Available at:  https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2007/02/junger200702 . Kalu, K., 2001. Constitutionalism in Nigeria: A conceptual analysis of ethnicity and politics. The Nigerian Judicial Review, 8, pp. 53-84. Koehn, P., 1998. Political Developments in Nigeria-A Review Essay. Africa Today 35(1). Okeagu, J. E., 2006. The environment and social impact of petroleum and petroleum gas. New York. American Library. Suberu, T., 1996. Ethnic minority conflicts and governance in Nigeria. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited. Wade, R., 2004. Is globalization reducing poverty and Inequality? The International Journal of Health Service, 34(3), 381-414.

Business layout for manufacturing organizations

Business layout for manufacturing organizations Layout is important to a number of manufacturing organizations as every business yearns to reduce duration in the flow of materials and staff. Layout decisions are critical to management as it dictates production environment, capacity, material handling and information flow within the organization. Some of the layout methods include; fixed position, office, retail, process oriented, warehouse and product oriented layout. To reach optimality within organizations, it is important to have proper communications within the facility.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business layout for manufacturing organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wheeled coach ambulance applies a combination of assembly line and work layout supported by skilled personnel and tools. The assembly begins with the identification of the clients and every relevant department ensures that the vehicle is given work orders in time. The aluminum manuf acturing department ensures that it avails the necessary materials within five days, and subsequently passes it to paint department which takes approximately three days. During this time the upholstery department begins stitching process as the Plexiglas department makes the interior cabinet, doors and metal frames. The carpentry department prepares the timber and the countertop material besides building the cabinet that goes into the vehicle. The electrical department assembles the wire harness with the connection of medical, electrical and ventilators. After all the installation is done in a sequential manner, a thorough check follows to ensure that the right product is presented to the client. As Palmer hospital was approaching almost 90,000 deliverables per year, there was a need for expansion of the premises to accommodate their clients and minimizing the distances covered by the staff. The management therefore designed a radical work cell that organizes people into small group ings to ensure that effort is concentrated. The designed pod which incorporates strong patient centered service gate has computerized systems and elevators used in service delivery. Though it was perceived as a radical project and staffs were skeptical about it, they later appreciated the efficiency it brought. Aero maintenance is small aircraft Maintenance Company in Wichita. The company uses layout method which entails, summing up all the trips between the departments. Aero maintenance has 8 departments which include; entrance, receiving, parts, metallurgy, break down, assembly, inspection and test. It also has 8 work areas with each department assigned to each work area, characterized by high materials flow.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is a great need to minimize the material flow in all these departments and get an optimum flow. To achieve optimality, the company can establish aero current layout flow, and then compute the material movement using the flow within the departments. The aero flow distance can be reduced by switching departments without interfering with quality which will give a better solution to the company. People working in assembly line includes; those making athletic shoes in China, hamburgers in New York city and those making Boeing Aircraft planes in Seattle. When producing any product it is necessary to recognize time constraints before balancing. The solution adopted here involves dividing the overall time taken with the duration required to complete production so as to get the required number of work stations. This should be done without violating the work relationships. The solution proposes that all the designed stations must be situated in such a way that they categorically follow another. The method ensures efficiency which is obtained by dividing total task time by the number of work stations multipli ed by the largest time taken during production.

Before the Harlem Renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Before the Harlem Renaissance - Essay Example In another one of Harry Bloom’s books he reports on another famous black writer, Fredrick Douglass (â€Å"Major Black American Writers through the Harlem Renaissance† 34-35). Fredrick Douglass, like Phillis Wheatley, was born a slave. Unlike Phillis Wheatley, Fredrick Douglass’ owners treated him brutally. His owner shipped him from home to home working for cruel men. One of the mistresses he worked for taught him to read and write until she was ordered to stop by her husband. Fredrick wrote about what he knew about, slavery. His autobiography and speeches were published after his escape to England. His only fiction work was also about slavery. His need to document the plight of slaves and fight for the abolishment of slavery was apparent in all of his writings. Alexandre Dumas the writer of The Count of Monte Cristo and The Three Musketeers was from France (Goetz). Even though Alexandre had been born a freeman, his grandmother was a slave. Alexandre grew up in the world of his white father. Thus his writing reflected 19th century France. The revolution in France had redefined justice. You see in The Count of Monte Cristo and The Man in the Iron Mask the new democratic views sweeping France at Alexandre Dumas’ time. Even the black writers not mentioned in this essay wrote about their plight at the time. Before the Harlem Renaissance black writers faced hardship, whether they were slaves or not. Even the best master could not help a writer they did not see as an equal. Each writer before the Harlem Renaissance faced a bias audience.

Event management and development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Event management and development - Essay Example 5 W’s An event planning requires planning of the event along five dimensions. These dimensions are known as 5 W’s. These are: What, When, Where, Why, for whom. What This refers to the concept generation of the event. These shall include the name of the event, the scale in which it will be organised, the content of the event, menu, and profile. This also refers to the event’s theme i.e. the subject on which the event is organised. This theme is the determinant of the event audience, therefore is a crucial decision. When This relates to the frequency of the event, the stipulated time, and event schedule. Where This refers to the event venue. A decision regarding the size, catchment area has to be made in this case. The venue should be easily accessible by the target customer, should be of optimum size, i.e. neither too big nor too small. The vast portion of the event’s budget depends on the venue finalised. Why This refers to the objective of organising the event. An event is organised to fulfil various objectives. Objectives vary along the evens’ stakeholders. Such objectives can be social, personal, financial, organisational, etc. For Whom This relates to the target audience of the event. Decisions regarding guest profile, entry type and target size are made. 5 W’s of Barclay’s Premier League 2011 The Barclay’s Premier League is a professional league between the football clubs and is the country’s most important football competition. It started since 1888 and is graded first in the Union of European Football Associations. It is considered to be the world’s most lucrative football league with revenue ranging over ?2Â  billion (Premier League-b, n.d). What The Barclay’s Premiere League is a league between 20 clubs and operates via promotion and demotion procedure. Each team plays 38 matches, totalling 380 matches in the season. 149 matches have been played so far (Premier League, 2011). When The Barclays Premier League 2011-2012 is scheduled from 13th August 2011 to 13th May 2012 (Premier League-d, 2011). Where The matches have been scheduled in stadiums in various locations like West Bromwich, London, Norwich, Newcastle, Manchester, Liverpool, Bolton, Birmingham, Wigan, Wolverhampton, Sunderland, and Swansea. Why Football is the most popular sports in United Kingdom since 1860s. The Barclay’s Premier League, like all other leagues is organised for the millions of football fans around the world and for utilising and honing the football talent of UK. For Whom The Barclays Premiere League is the world’s most popular league, with half billion spectators in 200 countries. The direct audiences are obviously the spectators in the stadium; however the indirect audiences are the TV viewers. According to estimates, Fox channel alone drew 2.1 million viewers for a single match in the Barclays Premier League. Demographically the target audience can be defined w ithin the age range of 25 years to 34 years (Premier League-c, 2011). Impacts that affect the event The events can be categorised into 4 types – Leisure events, Cultural Events, Personal Events and Organisational Events. The Barclays

Netflix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Netflix - Essay Example characteristics of the target market that would become a basis of market segment are demographics which is the physical characteristic of the market, psychographics which is the psycho-cultural characteristic of the market, geographics or the physical and political delineation of the market and purchase behavior or buying patterns of target market. In the case of Netflix, it would be necessary first to define its product and service to effectively segment its market. At present, Netflix is an online video store that caters its customers with a wide array of video collections through video download, online streaming or door to door delivery. In the future, it is envisaged that Netflix will converge from a merely internet base video provider to include a traditional TV broadcasting company. The array of their services will then widened that would include not just video titles but also TV shows. The mobile and handheld movie industry is also expected to be entered into by Netflix. In short, Netflix would be â€Å"becoming like them in doing some originals and they are becoming more like us in creating an on-demand interface like HBO Go" which allows viewers to watch channels on the Web and on mobile and tabulate devices† (Coyle, 2012). Having defined the products and services Netflix today and the future, its target market are those movie viewers which has internet connection and handheld devices. In the future, the TV viewing public will also become their target market. Netflix primary serves the consumer market or those who watch movies (and in the future TV shows) for leisure. In particular, Netflix caters to the movie watching customers by having an extensive movie title collection it can offer to the customers either by video streaming, download or door to door delivery. The manner which Netflix’s products will be delivered to its customers will likely to change as more and more consumers are having internet connection at an increasing speed making

Strategic Analysis Of Crh Plc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Strategic Analysis Of Crh Plc - Case Study Example It now utilises a unique strategy for corporate management, strategy and competitive drives. The report will first identify the strategy that CRH pursues. This will involve the critical analysis of the strategic approach used by the company to attain success over its history. The second section of the essay will examine the nature of parenting advantages that CRH has attained. It will examine the extent to which CRH has created value over the years by vertical integration and entrance into other markets. The third segment of the paper will critique the corporate-level management of the company and how this has been used to attain optimal results. This strategic analysis will involve the critique of secondary sources to ascertain important ideas and concepts. This will be applied in the analysis and eventually culminate in the final portion which will involve the development of a programme for future action by the corporate management team of CRH. Strategy of CRH Strategy is defined a s â€Å"the way a company creates value through the configuration and coordination of its multimarketing activities† (Furrer, 2011 p2). This means strategy is about the ways a means a company makes the best of its activities to provide optimum results from its affairs. Johnson and Scholes state that strategy has three main features: 1. It is a long-term plan 2. It affects the entire organisation and 3. It involves top level management Strategy is therefore the plan and pattern of an organisation which is used to streamline its affairs in order to deal with competition and thrive in an industry (Langeer and Hapiewocki, 2011). It is formulated by careful examination of the business environment and the formulation of an appropriate strategy (LaForge et al, 2010). The strategy of CRH plc revolves around three things, vertical integration/internationalisation, product development and niche-market leadership. This enables CRH to maintain a robust and strong system of managing acros s a wide frame of activities and products to retain competitive advantage and maintain leverage. Vertical Integration & Internationalisation Vertical integration is the combination in one firm of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate firms (Johnson and Scholes, 2012). This means a firm acquires another entity that operates within its industry and merges the different businesses to operate and attain results. Since the 1970s, CRH has sought to expand and acquire new entities around the world in order to expand into different markets. They used the expertise of the local markets and this allowed them to control different markets and gain advantage in those foreign markets. Through this, CRH, an Irish entity has 50% of its revenue from North America and 35% from Europe and is growing in the emerging markets with 15% of its revenue from this part of the world. Clearly, the process of vertical integration is helping them to control strategic outlets. Product Deve lopment The consequence of globalisation and internationalisation has caused CRH to adapt to the local environments within which they operate. To this end, CRH has become a major entity in product development to fit the exact needs of various global segments they operate within. CRH produces various products and services that are in demand in a given environment and they learn about it through their federal system of management which allows various units to remain autonomous. This enables the various regional leaders to come up with strategies and develop products that are relevant to their unique markets and their unique needs and expectations in the region. Product development is aided by a proactive system where the market research is conducted and revenue generation is examined to attain a

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

International business - Essay Example The foundation of this approach is that the developing country takes up industrialization and upgrades its own industries by capitalizing on the learning opportunities that are made available through its external relations with the more advanced countries. Japan is the primary source of inspiration for South Korean business because it has been the hub of industrialization in the post war scenario. Manufactured goods and primary commodities arrived mostly from Japan, which has also been the largest source of Foreign Direct Investment in South Korea. Diversification, stabilization and growth momentum are three aspects of the Japanese economy that have been vigorously adapted by South Korea. For example, in the post war reconstruction scenario, the South Korean state undertook early import substitution projects in cement, fertilizers, oil refining and synthetic fibers, utilizing Japanese imports as a means to standardize and develop its own products. Kim (1987) has explained how the Japanese tradition of considering bureaucratic careers as a means of legitimacy for State initiatives was also followed in South Korea, where the bureaucracy and the military have managed to retain themselves as elite groups. The most powerful bureaucratic organ was the Economic Planning Board, which coordinated economic policy through a control of the budgetary processes. Managers of the EPB were promoted into ministries, which produced strong ties between the regime and the largest conglomerate businesses, Chaebol, paving the way for rapid economic development by establishing its legitimacy in accordance (Evans, 1995). These Chaebols like Samsung and Hyundai were modeled along the lines of Japanese firms such as Sony and Toyota a group of formally independent firms that are operating in diverse industries and are controlled by family members, congregate into a large business group that is able to overcome market imperfections through the creation o f

Administrative law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Administrative law - Essay Example Law Administration falls under as a set of laws for the people (Nyberg, 2013). The set of laws that fall under the agencies in administration having certain powers to be executed can be regarded in Administrative Laws of United States of America (USA). The Administrative Law is also called regulatory law. These administrative bodies serve the function to use their finite powers to bring peace and demolish injustice in complicated situations on public level. The role of Law Administrative Agencies is not only unique but precise in terms of its application. The Administrative authority is given by the Congress (HG, 2014). The agencies of the law administration publish their hearings of regulations that can be accessed by the common man which is commonly available on print and electronic media. The Law Administration is considered to be the basic model to shape up and enforce regulations in any society. It has certain hearings and briefings consisting of rules, orders, regulations, laws, that are held together in proper compilation which are later published which can be easily accessed from print media and electronic media (DL, 2014). This deals in amending the already existing rules and regulations that are found in favor of mankind. The masses are to be provided rights that can be enjoyed from grass root level. An existing law that had been terminated its implementation formerly can be introduced once again which falls under Rule Making. This deals in formulating new set of laws and regulations that are to be presented and shaped in such a way that are in favour of people. Agencies aim to ensure the common man to enjoy huge amount of benefits and work day in and day out to make it a reality for the people present in society. Administrative Laws that are governed by the states have their own set of rules and regulations to be implemented. An example can be considered where State governments would be appealing the

Strategic Analysis Of Crh Plc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Strategic Analysis Of Crh Plc - Case Study Example It now utilises a unique strategy for corporate management, strategy and competitive drives. The report will first identify the strategy that CRH pursues. This will involve the critical analysis of the strategic approach used by the company to attain success over its history. The second section of the essay will examine the nature of parenting advantages that CRH has attained. It will examine the extent to which CRH has created value over the years by vertical integration and entrance into other markets. The third segment of the paper will critique the corporate-level management of the company and how this has been used to attain optimal results. This strategic analysis will involve the critique of secondary sources to ascertain important ideas and concepts. This will be applied in the analysis and eventually culminate in the final portion which will involve the development of a programme for future action by the corporate management team of CRH. Strategy of CRH Strategy is defined a s â€Å"the way a company creates value through the configuration and coordination of its multimarketing activities† (Furrer, 2011 p2). This means strategy is about the ways a means a company makes the best of its activities to provide optimum results from its affairs. Johnson and Scholes state that strategy has three main features: 1. It is a long-term plan 2. It affects the entire organisation and 3. It involves top level management Strategy is therefore the plan and pattern of an organisation which is used to streamline its affairs in order to deal with competition and thrive in an industry (Langeer and Hapiewocki, 2011). It is formulated by careful examination of the business environment and the formulation of an appropriate strategy (LaForge et al, 2010). The strategy of CRH plc revolves around three things, vertical integration/internationalisation, product development and niche-market leadership. This enables CRH to maintain a robust and strong system of managing acros s a wide frame of activities and products to retain competitive advantage and maintain leverage. Vertical Integration & Internationalisation Vertical integration is the combination in one firm of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate firms (Johnson and Scholes, 2012). This means a firm acquires another entity that operates within its industry and merges the different businesses to operate and attain results. Since the 1970s, CRH has sought to expand and acquire new entities around the world in order to expand into different markets. They used the expertise of the local markets and this allowed them to control different markets and gain advantage in those foreign markets. Through this, CRH, an Irish entity has 50% of its revenue from North America and 35% from Europe and is growing in the emerging markets with 15% of its revenue from this part of the world. Clearly, the process of vertical integration is helping them to control strategic outlets. Product Deve lopment The consequence of globalisation and internationalisation has caused CRH to adapt to the local environments within which they operate. To this end, CRH has become a major entity in product development to fit the exact needs of various global segments they operate within. CRH produces various products and services that are in demand in a given environment and they learn about it through their federal system of management which allows various units to remain autonomous. This enables the various regional leaders to come up with strategies and develop products that are relevant to their unique markets and their unique needs and expectations in the region. Product development is aided by a proactive system where the market research is conducted and revenue generation is examined to attain a

Administrative law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Administrative law - Essay Example Law Administration falls under as a set of laws for the people (Nyberg, 2013). The set of laws that fall under the agencies in administration having certain powers to be executed can be regarded in Administrative Laws of United States of America (USA). The Administrative Law is also called regulatory law. These administrative bodies serve the function to use their finite powers to bring peace and demolish injustice in complicated situations on public level. The role of Law Administrative Agencies is not only unique but precise in terms of its application. The Administrative authority is given by the Congress (HG, 2014). The agencies of the law administration publish their hearings of regulations that can be accessed by the common man which is commonly available on print and electronic media. The Law Administration is considered to be the basic model to shape up and enforce regulations in any society. It has certain hearings and briefings consisting of rules, orders, regulations, laws, that are held together in proper compilation which are later published which can be easily accessed from print media and electronic media (DL, 2014). This deals in amending the already existing rules and regulations that are found in favor of mankind. The masses are to be provided rights that can be enjoyed from grass root level. An existing law that had been terminated its implementation formerly can be introduced once again which falls under Rule Making. This deals in formulating new set of laws and regulations that are to be presented and shaped in such a way that are in favour of people. Agencies aim to ensure the common man to enjoy huge amount of benefits and work day in and day out to make it a reality for the people present in society. Administrative Laws that are governed by the states have their own set of rules and regulations to be implemented. An example can be considered where State governments would be appealing the

Working Construction Essay Example for Free

Working Construction Essay Introduction The issue of discrimination by class, race and gender in the society is the subject of hot debates our days. Though most people consider themselves as very tolerant persons, the fast show women and dark-colored people are still discriminated in society. Two books are under analysis in this essay: â€Å"Dream from my father† by Barack Obama and â€Å"Well Call You If We Need You: Experiences of Women Working Construction† by Susan Eisenberg. Both this books are autobiographical, written on the base of author’s personal experience. The events on both books go back to the time of twenty-thirty years ago. Both of them allow understanding the real situation with the race, class and gender discrimination in the USA in the end of the twenty century. The common ideas in the books of Obama and Eisenberg The first chapter of Obama’s book describes the very beginning of his career in Chicago. In 1985 Barack Obama arrived to Chicago to work as a community organizer. The history of this city in the second part of the twenty century led to the corruption of the government, the stratification of the society and the high level of unemployment among the lowest-income colored population. After the â€Å"white flight† in 1960th (when the whites left areas where non-Whites are settling, mostly for suburbs) poor districts were left to their own resources. Industry changed and there were not work for low-level workers. City government did not try to change the situation; anyway, poor blacks did not want to get help from Whites. â€Å"†¦the last thing we need is to join up with a bunch of white money and Catholic churches and Jewish organizers to solve our problems â€Å"(Obama, 89) In thus way Chicago was polarized and there was not way to solve the problem. Whites didn’t try to help the poorest part of the population, and Black didn’t want to get help, but their life was awful and having no prospects. However, at the beginning of Obama’s work in Chicago Harold Washington, the first African American, was the mayor of Chicago that time and his administration really tried to reduce the unemployment of the ethnic blacks. Obama started his work like every enthusiastic young manager in the Altgeld, one of the poorest districts of Chicago not far away from city dump, but soon he understood; to help these people he had to learn them. A lot of money from city budget (Obama tells about $500,000) was granted for the employment program in such districts, but money went away and programs did not work. However soon young Barack succeed in some of his objectives, for example he took part in the opening of new MET (Mayor’s Office of Employment and Training) station. Most analytics think that this period of Obama’s career was unsuccessful. However it is obvious that Obama have got a great experience. During his first period in Chicago Obama understood that he could not press to the politic machine from the outside. Thus, when he returned, he began his path to the â€Å"sanctum sanctorum†. He tried to meet important and influential people and to work with them. The upper stage of his career is the position of the President of the United States, so the experience of that man is very useful to learn for those who want to know more about the real situation of the American society. For those who consider the book of Obama insufficient or isn’t interested in the problems of African Americans the book of Susan Eisenberg can be interesting. The author describes her career as the electrical apprenticeship. That year President Jimmy Carter started new program of the inclusion of women in apprenticeship programs to increase the percent of working women. Many of young women at the beginning of their careers were excited with this new perspective and started to work. However the reality happened to be severe and merciless. Eisenberg used not her only experience, but the memories of thirty women approximately of the same age, who believed in the historical transformation of the society and pioneered as carpenters, electricians, ironworkers, painters. They hoped under Carter’s program they will obtain challenging job, the support of the trade union, the respect in society and the better attitude. In reality the gender barrier was still tough and no changes were seen. Eisenberg Reminds when she arrived as the electrical apprenticeship to work in some building, the guard didn’t let her in. He decided she was a terrorist. Though is has happened thirty years ago, the chance to meet terrorists seemed more probable to this guard than a chance to meet female electrical apprenticeship. Conclusion The authors of two books under analysis are different people – by gender, by race, by the development of their carrier. However the one common feature is in this two books: both authors describe how they faced the discrimination and in what way they struggled with it. References Obama, Barack. â€Å"Dreams from my father† New York: Random House (January 9, 2007); eBook; ISBN 0-3073-9412-3 Eisenberg, Susan. â€Å"Well Call You If We Need You: Experiences of Women Working Construction† Cornell University Press 1999. ISBN-13: 9780801486050

Principles of Corporate Social Responsibility

Principles of Corporate Social Responsibility CSR can be defined as an organization taking responsibility for the results of its activities upon employees, customers, the community and the environment. Usually organizations voluntarily exercise their improvements, commitments and performance reporting. CSR is the need for organizations to consider the greater good of their actions and the effect on all those around the organization from within, local community and globally. Often the effects must be thought of in terms of the economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic impact or basically business decision of cost to implement versus return on investment. CSR is the process that guides company decision making and implementation activities in the areas of human rights, environmental standards, and compliance with legal requirements within its operations. PRACTICE: CSR can be thought of as the challenge organizations face to balance their social responsibilities with that of increased earnings and concerns according to shareholder and stakeholder expectations. CSR is generally applied to wherever firms operate encompassing both domestic and global economy. CSR applies to both the private sector commitments and activities then stretches beyond the just compliance with laws. Many organizations believe that focusing on new opportunities in interrelated economic, societal, or environmental demands in the marketplace provides a competitive advantage and stimulates creative solutions. PARTICULARS: CSR activities usually address many aspects of a firms behavior and key elements like health and safety, environmental community development, human rights, human resource management, community development, consumer protection, labor protection, supplier relations, business ethics, and stakeholder rights. Organizations are motivated to have stakeholders involved in their decision making process. A CSR approach is to promises the following. Improved financial performance. Improved accountability to investors. Improved employee commitment. Improved community relationships. Improved product branding. PERSONS: Bristol-Myers CEO Peter Dolan- His company has emerged from recent trouble due to issues stemming from the drug Plavix which is a blood thinner. Because of these and other past mistakes, Bristol-Myers has emerged a stronger company. An example is in the area of its environmental impact on the world, Bristol-Myers has reduced their greenhouse emission by 10% and worked towards obtaining a U.S. Green Building Council certified facility. Merck CEO Richard Clark- his company had problems with Vioxx, but has managed to solve those problems with programs that include a Corporate Responsibility Council that works to increase the number of employees involved. Transparency has been the major improvement within his company. HIP Investor CEO Paul Herman- is a corporate social responsibility consultant who believes grass roots produce the best solutions. One method is reaching out to the employees through an intranet that will give them a chance to express what improvements can be made and what community programs they will volunteer for. Korn-Ferry CEO Jay Millen- recommends a social; responsibility is not just a policy, it is a philosophy. A corporation should have a top-down strategy for CSR; if the philosophy and values are correct the rules will follow. PERIOD: Time period 1800s- CSR first started during this time period where companies that operated in rural areas build company towns. These towns including housing, stores, schools, and playground for children of their employees. Time period of 1930s- As part of President Franklin Roosevelts New Deal program, companies received tax breaks for donating money to charities. Time period of 1960s- Government steps in to regulate business with the formation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA), Equal Employment Opportunity Commission(EEOC), and the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). This has compelled some companies to become more politically involved by contributing time and money to non-profits. Time period 2005- Surveys show that 98% of large corporations apply CSR in their strategic planning and 84% have seen their profits increase because of their actions. PLACES: Australia Established human rights laws that mandated the corporations must practice proper ethical behavior and human rights principals within their country and overseas. United States Environmental Protection Agency has enforced the standards established by the federal government for corporations in protection of the environment. United Nations This global organization has established policy for human rights throughout the world. PHRASES: CSR key terms- Charity principle- The principle that the riches people in the world should donate to the less fortunate. Stewardship Principle- mangers have an obligation to ensure benefits from their actions in society. Reputation- The essential characteristics that a corporation that influence their relations with the stakeholders. Enlightened self interest- The view that a company can be socially aware without losing its own objectives. Corporate citizenship- Apply CSR into practice. Legal obligation- The laws a company must follow established by the government. Iron law of responsibility- In the long run, those that do not use their authority in actions that society consider proper will lose it. PICTURES: Paul Hawken quote- If they (companies) believe they are in business to serve people, to help solve problems, to use and employ the ingenuity of their workers to improve the lives of people around them by learning from the nature that gives us life, we have a chance (Amaeshi, Osuji Nnodin, 2008, p.223). Karl-Henrik Robert quote- Business is the economic engine of our Western culture, and if it could be transformed to truly serve nature as well as ourselves, it could become essential to our rescue (Iankova, 2008, p.77). Mikhail Gorbachev quote We need a new system of values, a system of the organic between humankind and nature and the ethic of global responsibility (Amaeshi, Osuji Nnodin, 2008, p.223). Robert F. Kennedy quote- The future is not completely beyond our control. It is the work of our own hands (Pava, 2008, p.807). David Korten quote- to achieve true sustainability, we must reduce our garbage index that which we permanently throw away into the environment that will not be naturally recycled for reuse to near zero. Productive activities must be organized as closed systems. Minerals and other nonbiodegradeable, resources once taken from the ground, must become a part of societys permanent capital stock and be recycled in perpetuity, organic materials may be disposed into the natural ecosystems, but only in ways that assure that they are absorbed back into the natural production system (Amaeshi, Osuji Nnodin, 2008, p.223). Martin Luther King, Jr. quote- Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter (Iankova, 2008, p.77). PROSPECTS: The European Commission list of benefits for companies that adopt CSR criteria: Business ethics, the personal commitment of the companys directors, improve competitive, strengthen the companys image, prevent negative publicity, lawsuits or campaigns against the company, increase customer loyalty, stand out from the competition, improve human resources management, strengthen the loyalty of management staff, attract new employees, improve adaptation to change, cost reduction, tax breaks, less worker strikes (Fuentes-Garcia, F., Nunez-Tables, J. Veroz-Herradon, R., 2008). Research conduct my recent surveys have concluded the companies that practice CSR have increase financial success. A confirm fact from a recent customer survey the 70 % of customers indicated that they were more likely to buy from a socially responsible firm, in turn 50 % indicated that they not buy from a firm that was not socially responsible. PROBLEMS: Multinational corporations using operate outside the control of international laws. There is no international forum in which they could be prosecuted. CSR has limitations. The major limitation is that most ethical behaviors or charities which come under CSR require financial contributions. Some mangers feel their propriety should be making a profit for the stakeholders instead of giving money away to charities. PERFORMANCE: Examples of corporation that practice CSR principles. Nike has improved working conditions in their operations overseas. FedEx has begun to use hybrid trucks. General Electric has built health care centers in Africa. Employees are a key for CSR; they volunteer for community projects, are loyal to the company which results in increased profits. An organizations reputation has an effect on CSR; the impact can affect financial performance positively. Philanthropy by CSRs is interpreted positively by the public and organizations are often given the benefit of the doubt resulting steady stock prices. Sales increase CSR for corporations; cause-related marketing initiatives generates money through increased product sales and at the same time benefit charities. Poor CSR can negatively affect earnings and stock prices because of potential lawsuits and fines. PUBLICATIONS: Amaeshi, K., Osuji, O. Nnodim, P. (2008). Corporate social responsibility in supply chains of global brands: a boundaryless responsibility? Clarifications, expectations and implications. Journal of Business Ethics, 81 (1), 223-234. Fuentes-Garcia, F., Nunez-Tables, J. Veroz-Herradon, R. (2008). Applicability of corporate social responsibility to human resources management: perspective from Spain. Journal of Business Ethics, 82 (1), 27-44. Iankova, E. (2008). From corporate paternalism to corporate social responsibility in post communist Europe. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 29 (1), 75-89. Iyer, A. (2009). Corporate social responsibility and farmer suicides: a case for benign paternalism? Journal of Business Ethics, 85 (4), 429-443. Lawrence, A. Weber, J. (2008). Business Society: Stakeholders, Ethics, Public Policy (12 ed.). New York, New York, United States of America: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Pava, M. (2008). Why corporations should not abandon social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 83 (4), 805-812. Pfau, M., Haigh, M., Sims, J. Wigley, S. (2008). The influence of corporate social responsibility campaigns on public opinion. Corporate Reputation Review, 11 (2), 145-154. Ubius, U. Alas, R. (2009). Organizational culture types as predictors of corporate social responsibility. Engineering Economics, 61 (1), 90-99. Valentine, S. Fleischman, G. (2008). Professional ethical standards, corporate social responsibility, and the perceived role of ethics and social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 82 (3), 657-666. National Directory of Corporate Giving. Directories Table HV80.N26. Columbia University Libraries database. http://www.columbia.edu/web/indiv/ business / refservices.html Web Sites and Internet Resources: http://search.ebscohost.com/ http://treehugger.com http://word.world-citizenship.org http://www.columbia.edu/ http://www.depauw.edu http://www.emeraldinsight.com http://www.google.com http://www.ineedmotivation.com / http://www.internationalpeaceandconflict.org/ http://www.robertfkennedylinks.com

Short Interfering RNA Essay -- Biology

missing figures Background Information RNA inference (RNAi) was first discovered in Cenorhabditis elegans nearly a decade ago and have been revolutionizing gene-function analysis ever since. This discovery began the process by which scientists work with a known gene sequence and attempt to define its biological function by disrupting its activity in vivo. It involves the introduction of homologous double stranded RNA (dsRNA) to specifically target a gene's product and to disrupt the function of that gene in vivo. The resulting effects on an animal are referred to as a phenocopy due to the fact that it copies the phenotype of a loss-of-function mutation of that gene, but is not really inherited like how a true gene deletion would be. Despite the variety of technologies, this was not possible before due to the lack of genome information. The advances in gene sequencing throughout the past couple of years have allowed various usages of available technology to go after any gene and try to identify the gene, as well as to understand its specific function. Once the sequence is known, an open reading frame can be obtained to find a specific coding region of a gene by looking for the universal start codon, AUG, and the universal stopping codon, UAA, UUA, or UAG. From there, RNAi can be introduced into cells of certain organisms, with dsRNA as the interfering agent that can result in the destruction and degradation of a sequence specific messenger RNA (mRNA) that mimics a loss-of-function phenotype. In other words, RNAi is a very efficient and highly specific way in which to inactivate gene function and can serve as an alternative to gene knockouts, or the conventional antisense technology. The mechanism of how dsRNA results in... ...of a marker gene and a hairpin expression cassette in a viral vector would allow single-cell or mosaic analysis of gene function. †¢ It may be possible in the future to apply this process of hairpin siRNA synthesis to studies of neurogenesis and differentiation in mammals. The information contained in this website comes from (or was sought out because of) the paper entitled "RNA interference by expression of short-interfering RNAs and hairpin RNAs in mammalian cells" written by Dr. Jenn-Yah Yu, Dr. Stacy L. DeRuiter, and Dr. David L. Turner at the University of Michigan's Department of Biological Chemistry. Citations: DeRuiter, Stacy. Yu, Jenn-Yah. Turner, David L. "RNA interference by expression of short-interfering RNAs and hairpin RNAs in mammalian cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. Vol. 99, Issue 9, 6047-6052, April 30, 2002