Buddhist schools Essay Example for Free

Buddhist schools Essay The earliest and the most basic form of schools were Theravada and Mahayana which have been derived from the basic teachings of Buddha. These are actually same teachings but with different interpretations. Both of them have Dharma which is the basic teaching of Buddha. Both of these schools have some animosity between them. All the southern Asian countries and Vietnam have accepted the principles of Theravada. Any differences between the schools are minor matters are do not hinder in one basic belief of Buddha’s teachings. It is one of the earliest forms of teaching found in the history of Buddhism and is one of the most orthodox also . Theravada school emphasizes on meditation and helps in understanding the psychological nature of a human being. According to Mahayana school of teachings, salvation can only be achieved if we trust Amitabha. Such person longs to be born in the paradise, because he has done good deeds and followed the teachings of Buddha. The philosophy of this school is very unique. According to them in order to gain enlightenment a person should inward and not outward. Intuition is one thing this school emphasizes upon, as intuition is purely inward. Mahayana was previously known as Mahasanghikas and after a few decades of its formation it became so popular that it revolutionized the Buddhist teachings. Sutra and Vinaya were translated according to them, and in the due process they also had to reject some texts. The Mahayana philosophy grew more with the concept that Buddhas are lokottara. This means that they are connected to the world only by some external force and it has no impact internally . Why did Mahayana become more accepted? It is because the Mahayana ritual and imagery attracted the Vietnamese. Its ceremonies were in conformity with original Vietnamese beliefs and rituals. This school of Buddhism also combined folklore with Taoist teachings. The enlightened ones in Buddhism were respected as animist spirits. In 7th century C. E, Mahayana school became a little more developed. It was then called Vajrayana. This had an influence of Hinduism also but had similar teachings as of Mahayana. The aim of Vajrayana is the same as that in Mahayana, that is to attain Buddhahood, but the tantric practices showed a quick way to achieve this end . CONCLUSION From very early period Buddhists are concerned about education. In third century almost 9 Dhamma missionaries were sent to different areas of south East Asia in order to teach people about Buddhism . This is the oldest example telling Buddhists concern about Buddhist studies. These 9 Dhamma missionaries started a wave of missionaries. These were sent to Sri Lanka, Thailand and china etc. Today, due to these missionaries and Buddhist schools, Buddhists are present in very corner of the world. Vietnamese Buddhist education leaders are very much concerned about the global demands and needs of Buddhist education. In 1975, when the country got united, there already was a higher education institution in South; it was named Van Hanh University. This university was popular internationally and had close interaction with many other universities of the world. After 1980s two advanced schools were established in Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City. These schools trained monks and nuns at B. A level. Due to growing demand these two higher education schools were later turned in to universities. These now trained monks and nuns at not only undergraduate level but also postgraduate level. In 1997, one more Buddhist university was formed, this time in Hue city. Today, there are almost 40, 000 monks and nuns. There are almost six colleges and 31 high schools teaching Buddhism . Buddhism has made great progress in Vietnam. A national calligraphic system which replaced Chinese was also introduced. This helped everybody get on the same platform and understand each other well. Before that it was difficult to have the entire nation on the same page, as the Vietnamese language lacked its own script. People, who did not understand Chinese, could not read books, as all the books were in Chinese. In Vietnam, the Buddhist studies do not influence just art, philosophy or painting. Theatre also serves as a conveyer of the legends, stories and facts about Buddhism. Buddhism is not only a source which quenches the thirst of the intellectuals. It quenches the thirst of the spirit also. Buddhist studies have changed the past and present of Vietnam. The Vietnamese Buddhists go far and wide in order to give a vent to the knowledge and impart it to the others. Buddhism has prospered leaps and bounds in the country. Though there are many rival religions in the country, Buddhism is by far the most popular one. As mentioned earlier, almost two thirds of the population practices Buddhism. During 968 it was made the state religion. Buddhism in Vietnam is no wonder superior than any other religion there, as it is not only accepted publicly but also helped in the moral and spiritual training of the general public. People believe it and accept it by heart. They call it the religion of compassion. The imprint of Buddhism can be seen in art and literature as well. Music has also been inspired from it. Today there are almost 15,000 worship places in Vietnam as compared to none in the beginning. There are almost ten million Buddhists all over the world. Vietnam alone has some 40,000 nuns. It was only 20,000 twenty years back. The development Buddhist studies have done can be clearly understood from the fact that today there are almost four Buddhist universities as compared to only one in 1981. Van Hanh was the first Buddhist school. Today there are schools all over Hanoi, Hue, Ho Chi Minh City and Can Tho. There are almost six colleges and 31 high schools for Buddhists. There are uncountable numbers of grassroots schools in many other provinces. This clearly shows that Buddhism has made a lot of progress since Buddhism first entered Vietnam . Buddhist monks are now not only studyin Buddhism in monasteries and colleges but are getting higher education all over the world. They are studying various subjects and religion in order to increase their knowledge. Not only have they had attained worldly knowledge, but spiritual knowledge which will lead them to enlightenment. References Anson, Binh. (n. d). Theravada Buddhism in Vietnam. Retrieved January 31, 2008 from: http://www. budsas. org/ebud/vn_thera. htm Brough, John. (n. d). Gandhari Dharmapada. India (n. p). Clark, Laura and Brown, Suzanne. (n. d). Buddhism in Vietnam. Retrieved January 31, 2008 from: http://journals. iranscience. net:800/mcel. pacificu. edu/mcel. pacificu. edu/as/students/vb/INDEX. HTM.

Reflect on a personal experience within our time at our clinical rotation

Reflect on a personal experience within our time at our clinical rotation The purpose of this caring paper is to reflect on a personal experience within our time at our clinical rotation in which a patient experienced two of Watsons lower order of needs. Doris Grinspun (2010), a professor from York University defines caring as thinking, doing, and being representing the ways in which nurses enact caring work and manages relationships and present key courses of action in which nurses enact their work focusing on rules of engagement and inequalities. From this, we can establish that caring involves every interaction a nurse has with a patient, from the first introduction, throughout the healing process and the termination phase between the nurse and client. Caring science embraces all ways of knowing/being/doing: ethical, intuitive, personal, empirical, aesthetic, and even spiritual/metaphysical ways of knowing and Being (Watson, 2008). This paper will focus on a description of my patient and their diagnosis, caritas processes, two of Watsons lower order of needs which will include activity/inactivity and sexual intimacy, and possible nursing interventions that can be put into place to help improve the quality of care for the hospitalized patient. The personal encounter with a patient with two of Watsons lower order of needs was diagnosed with dementia, or failure to cope. Dementia is the development of multiple cognitive deficits, manifested by memory impairment and other deficits affecting language, inability to carry out motor functions, failure to recognize or identify objects and a disturbance in functioning (Jarvis, 2009). It was evident when dealing with this patient that she had a cognitive impairment. I introduced myself to her on the first day, and when I returned to her bed side the following morning to get her up and take her vital signs, she had no recollection of who I was from the previous day. I had to continuously remind her who I was throughout the course of the two days I was in clinical. She referred to the nursing students as the kids in blue. Her diagnosis mainly affected her ability to remember people, place, and sometimes memories, but when it came to retaining facts, she was very capable; an example wa s the recreational therapy that she attended in which she was always able to answer the trivia questions or the answer to the crossword. Over the course of the two days in which she was my assigned patient that I was to care for, I got know her well. She trusted me from the beginning because she knew I was just doing my job. She quickly began to open up to me and told me about her family. She came from a large family of six kids, of that she had four brothers all of whom always looked out for her and her sister. She was born and raised, and lived in Oshawa her entire life. While growing up, her family lived on a farm. Herself and her siblings assisted in the chores around the bard, including milking the cows and gathering the chicken eggs. My patient married her husband in her twenties and had four kids; three sons and one daughter. She informed me many times that she loved her family and enjoys when any member of her family is able to come and visit her. One of Watsons lower orders of needs is activity/inactivity. One of the health challenges my patients experiences was the fact that she was non-ambulatory. She was only allowed to be in her bed or in her wheelchair because she had a high risk of falling. Due to her lack of ability to move around, her muscles would slowly start to experience atrophy. Deconditioning is a process or physiological change following a period of inactivity or bed rest that results in a decrease in muscle mass, weakness, functional decline and the ability to perform daily living activities (Gillis MacDonald, 2008). It is observed in an increasing frequency as a consequence of hospitalization for many older adults. While in the hospital receiving care, many elderly patients, due to age, begin to grow frail and are at a greater risk of falls. To counteract this problem, many patients are assigned bed-rest, or stay in their wheel-chair all the time. This limits the patients ability to get up and walk around. A recent study concluded that older hospitalized patients 70 years and up showed a decline in activities of daily living associated with deconditioning on discharge (Brown et al., 2004). To prevent deconditioning, a nursing intervention must be to look for risk factors and intervene proactively. This is assuming that nurses have the prerequisite knowledge, skills and attitudes to recognize and respond to the specialized needs of hospitalized older patients. I found that my patient had a hard time accepting the fact that she was unable to get out of her wheelchair and walk around. At one point she was so determined she unbuckled herself and attempted to get out and walk. Having to go in there and tell her otherwise was a challenge because seeing the disappointment in her eyes upset me. Physical inactivity is a risk factor for many conditions experienced by the elderly. Exercise helps older people feel better and enjoy life more, even if they think they are too old or too out of shape (Ebersole et al., 2008). Gerontological continuing education programs should contain a core component on the prevention of deconditioning (Gillis MacDonald, 2008). It should focus on diagnosis and assessment of risk for deconditioning, prevention, interventions, and strategies for the patient and family teaching. I believe that due to her inactivity, or lack of mobility, her routine was rather repetitive; get up, vitals, bed bath, get dressed, get into whee lchair and sit there until she wanted to go back to bed. A persons need for activity/inactivity is fundamental and central to ones life, as it affects the ability to move about and interact with his or her environment and to control ones external surroundings (Watson, 2008). To maintain competency in the field, the nurse must use his or her knowledge, skill, judgment, attitudes, values and beliefs to perform in a given role, situation and practice setting (CNO, 2002). It is important to establish best practices in gerontology and implement them in a consistent manner to improve the knowledge of nurses. This will enhance the confidence level and provide to the elderly the quality care that they deserve. The other lower orders of need of Watsons that will be discussed in this paper is sexuality and intimacy. Touch affects almost anything we do; all humans require touch (Ebersole et al., 2008). To a palliative patient in a hospital or in a nursing home, they tend to lose the sense of touch, which can be a form of comfort or help decrease anxiety, from their loved ones, due to them passing on or the distance put between the patient and the remaining family members. Hollinger and Buschmann (1993) proposed that attitudes toward touch and acceptance of touch affect the behaviour of both caregiver and patient. As a nurse, either a task related touch, or even an expressive form of a touch such as holding the patients hand will show a supportive nature, and that is all the patient requires, a form of touch and belonging. When working with my patient, although she had a few family members who did come to visit her, they lived a bit farther away so travelling to pay a visit was a challenge. With her diagnosis of dementia, she also tended to not remember clearly. She told me various times that everyone just forgot about her, no one cared and she was stuck in the hospital until she was gone. She did not lack the companionship of others; she just tended to forget about it sometimes. Nurses provide health services to an increasing number of older adults in acute care settings (Turner et al., 2001). Although there are many patients requiring care in either a nursing home or on a geriatrics ward of a hospital, every patient requires the companionship of others, especially if the patient does not have visitors to come. Just a couple minutes taken out of your day to talk with, or give a back rub to a patient is all they need rather than being stuck with a window to look out of, or a roommate that does not want to talk, or sleeps all day. We all need each other to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Nurses need to think about touching as part of caring (Ebersole et al., 2008). A nursing intervention that could be helpful to improve this order of is the type of culture that you were born into. It will give you the experience you need and will have a large influence on your comfort level with touching others. Be sure to assess a patients readiness to being touched with a social touch. Enhance the knowledge and skills of staff nurses in providing care to elderly patients (Turner et al., 2001). One cannot enter into and sustain Caritas practices for caring-healing without being personally prepared (Watson, 2008). Developing and sustaining a helping-trusting caring relationship is one of Watsons Caritas Processes (2008). For a nurse to be personally prepared means knowing and understanding the practice to which will be carried out and providing the best safe, competent, quality care to which the patient deserved. For this process to be carried out in regards to caring for an elderly patient would be to be a positive role model who understands the job description and articulates professional practice while providing care. As a nurse, the best way to provide care to any patient, no matter what the diagnosis is to develop a caring relationship of skills and caring competencies, not necessarily about the technique. As a nursing student, while I was caring for the patient I described above, although I learned the technique to take vital signs, perform a bed bath, and perform asse ssments, it is about the relationship which I form with my patient. From the beginning, ensure that the patient feels a sense of trust and feels care, not just the sense from the nurse this is my job, Im just doing my job and leaving, making the patient suffer the consequences of noncaring such as fear, helpless, and vulnerable. Authentic caring relationship building is concerned with deepening our humanity; it is about processes of being-becoming more humane, compassionate, aware, and awake to our own and others human dilemma. Being present to, and supportive of, the expression of positive and negative feelings is another of Watsons Caritas Processes (2008). The first priority nurses should consider when caring for patients is their health and safety. In order to do this, a nurse must be open and supportive of the care that is being given to the patient. It is through being present to and allowing constructive expression of all feelings that we create a foundation for trust and caring (Watson, 2008). When caring for my patient described above, there was a moment where she was having negative feelings about being in her wheelchair. I allowed her to express all her thoughts and opinions on the issue she was having and from there, using communication and problem solving, together we were able to solve her problem. The best way to achieve a solution when dealing with a client with a problem is through the connection with the patient. A nursing intervention is to allow the patient to express his or her feelings , whether they are positive or negative. By allowing the facilitation of expression, the nurse permits the process of personal expression and acceptance of ones feelings while also creating an awareness of feelings put out into the open to release and form a constructive way to deal with them. The nurse can provide the older adult with a therapeutic environment that supports the clients independence (Arnold Boggs, 2007). Make sure the client feels safe both physically and emotionally to open up and express the problem and ensure that the problem will be resolved if both the client and nurse collaborate together to fix it. While caring for clients during clinical, we learn hands-on skills, experience things first hand, make mistakes and learn from them, and provide the best quality care to patients. The best parts of caring for the older patients are the conversations, positive attitudes, even though they are in a hospital and the encouragement they give. The encouragement that our group of nursing students will be great nurses, and have the qualities of a good nurse to provide safe, competent, quality care. Given the increase age of population and the small decrease in the number of family physicians, we need to do a better job preventing frailty and common conditions of aging (Frank, 2010). This can be done through advocacy and health promotion. Enjoy the interactions with the elderly people as a special part of providing care. The caring component of nursing practice has become an increasingly visible activity of nursing (Clarke, 2007). Patients expect nurses to provide treatment to assist with heal th promotion, but they also expect to receive safe, competent care. The patients do not want to feel that they are a hassle, or are looked down upon because of a disease or diagnosis. A nurse must respect each individual need and not pass judgment. The role of a nurse is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him or her; caring, healing, loving relationships are natural (Nightingale, 1969).

Essay --

â€Å"Different Shades of Achilles Character† ​This paper is based on a great poem named â€Å"The Iliad†. This poem has various difficulties for the readers and based on many characters. In fact this poem covers many different themes such as interaction between fate and free will, pride, pursuit of glory and glory of battle and horror of war are the key themes that covers by the author. These themes are very difficult and complicated for the reader who read this poem first time. The key and main character of this poem is Achilles; we can say that he is the hero of this poem (Russell Selva 18.92-4) ​Achilles is a child and portrayed by the author as a resentful, proud and insignificant character. The character of Achilles provides to exhibit heroic qualities even in today society. When his one of the best and most loyal friend Patroclus dies, we can see a sudden change in Achilles character drastically. In fact he tackles with a very drastic horror of death, so he puts his all immature ways to fulfill duty to his friend, competitors and his principles. In a way we can say that the character of Achilles is an analogy for the evaluation from youth to maturity level of life (â€Å"N.S. Gill’s Ancient Classical History†). ​In fact Achilles possesses his character as a superhuman and strengthen person of this world with close relationship with the gods. Achilles has the marks of great warrior and shows by his personality in the mightiest man in the Achaean army. The depth of his character flaws in very consistent manners which has hampered the ability to act with nobility and integrity of Achilles throughout the poem. In fact he has no idea and no strength to control his pride that flow up with that pride is injured. This attribute of this poem leave... ... his youthful brashness mercilessly insults Agamemnon in the same book of this author. Because the refusal is to let him go his anger and concern for his own future and also very helpful to indicate a more adolescent or young adult viewpoint while his childless. When prime comes to retrieve the Hector Achilles treats him respectful manners. He is finally seen to the heart of his fury and pointless and distractive individual. He shows that who he treats his enemies with respect and courtesy because they are human as well and he also treat them as a loyal and good human. In this whole poem the progress of Achilles character can be seeing very easily from child to an adult. He is the spiteful rage in the beginning to the compassionate respect in the end of epic, so Achilles development mirrors of a stereotypical human from childhood the level of maturity (Homer, 13-16).

Living With Parents Vs. Living :: essays research papers

Living with Parents vs. Living Alone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Living with your family and living all by yourself is like living on two different planets. It will affect every detail of your life, right down to the way you talk, the foods youeat, and how much money you can spend. It will also determine how often your friends visitand how much freedom you have.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Living with your parents is similar to living in a royal palace; you will enjoy the luxuries of an elegant house, clean laundry, and a slightly bigger budget, but you will also have to defer to the king and queen of the realm. You will quickly discover that if your sovereigns aren’t happy, neither are you. While living under the rule of the parents, you will have to leave the house in order to socialize. Your friends will also fear the wrath of your sovereigns, and might visit you, but only for short periods of time. You will also have to wait until your parents go away on vacation to have a suitable house party.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Living alone, however, yields much more room for fun. You can dine on pizza and beer every night if you wish and your friends can visit any time. The furniture will be of your choosing, like the smelly ceramic vase in the corner with the strange mouthpiece. And you can clean the house under your own standards of cleanliness, not your mom’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The new freedom comes with a greater responsibility as well. Living alone, you’llbe facing the combined wrath of the dirty dishes, the laundry, and all kinds of new bills to pay. And you can’t ask your parents for financial assistance, it will only prove to them thatyou can’t make it out on your own.

Hieroglyphic Symbols Essays -- essays research papers fc

Hieroglyphic Symbols One of the many contributions that the Egyptian Empire gave modern society was the beginning of a complex alphabetic system. This system also set the foundation for the development of many other systems used by us today such as an accurate calendar and the mathematical formulas used by architects and doctors. The Egyptians named this system Hieroglyphic Symbols. Hieroglyphic comes from the Greek â€Å"hiero glyphica† which means â€Å"sacred carving†. Hieroglyphics were the first form of written communication in the Western world. The developments of hieroglyphics happened about three thousand years before Christ. Egyptians referred to Hieroglyphics as â€Å"the words of God†. But how did the Egyptians develop such a system? Well, the Egyptian traders noticed how helpful a written language was while they conducted business in the Land of Sumer and they brought some ideas to their land. The growing government and bureaucracy made it necessary to have some sort of system that could help society to keep track of history and business. It took a lot of time and effort for the Egyptians to develop their own hieroglyphic system. One of the main problems with hieroglyphics was its complexity. The system was so complicated and hard to learn that only royalty, scribes, priests, and government officials were able to understand the system. Hieroglyphic symbols began with pictures. At first the symbols represented only objects, but later they were also used to express ideas and ...

Drug Testing Law

Laws for the test of employees or job applicants for drug or alcohol abuse have evoked the consciousness of many since its inception in 1986 when President Ronald Reagan signed an Executive Order 12564, that prohibited all federal employees to refrain themselves from using illegal drugs, as a condition of federal employment. And then two years later, Congress passed the Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 which created federal Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing which was applied to executive agencies of the federal government, the uniformed services, and contractors or service providers under contract with the federal government.Although this Act was only applied to Federal governments yet states and Local Governments followed the suit.   There is no doubt of the fact that Drug and Alcohol abuse by employees creates loss of billions of dollars each year and gives a great set back to the economy as a whole yet from the employees point of view it is a sheer violation of their personal rights, and its misuse is a cause of humiliation to several prospective employees. It is moral duty of the employers to check the menace of drug edicts in the work place but this moral policing disrupts Kant’s theology of Categorical imperative.Internationally,   the of drug testing in work place is covered in a Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 12 whereby it is declared that â€Å"No one should be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy†.The 1996 ILO Code of Practice on Management of alcohol and drug-related issues declares that the testing should be undertaken in accordance to national laws and practice.  The Guiding Principles of this   testing, which is mentioned in the Annex V of the Code of Practice, clearly emphasis on workers rights, employers rights, public rights and individual rights.Infact even in 2003,   the International Labor Organization reported that , â€Å"Drug testing in the workplace is an issue beset with technical, legal and ethical controversies.†(Legal Testing In Work Place, Last Change On Tuesday, 31st October 2006.)Even the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950 to guarantees the right to privacy, except â€Å"in the interest of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder and crime, for the protection of health and morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others† .In the European Union, In the European Directive 89/391/EEC on the introduction of encouraging in improvements in the safety and health of workers at work, applies according to Article 6 that the employer have a duty ensuring the safety and health of workers in every aspect related to the work, with Art.6(5) exonerating the workers from liability for financial cost.  Even in Artical 11 states that â€Å"Employers shall consult workers and/or their representatives and allow them to take part in dis cussions on all questions relating to safety and health at work†.In different countries there are different patterns for drug testing in the work place. Only Finland (2003), Ireland (2005) and Norway (2005) reports clearly and specifically addresses the issue of drug testing in the workplace.   Nevertheless, for different countries, there are different patterns/differences are visible.Kant believes that human beings plays a very important role in creation. Just merely passing the law does not the justify the action. The ordering of the use of drug in workplace is a system that cannot persuade moral action or regarded as bases for moral judgments, In his ‘Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals' (1785) Kant gave us three versions of the Categorical Imperatives of all the moral commands are based:1. ‘Act as if the maxim of your action was to become through your will a universal law of nature.'In Christianity this simply means that ‘You treat others if you wan t others to treat you.' (Matthew 7:12). But the question arises how it is connected to Compulsory drug testing in work place? The reason is simple, the compulsory drug testing is itself a derogatory and you are treating others in humiliating manner.â€Å"'Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but at the same time as an end.'In this context it implies that drug testing is unfair, as the innocents who has never touched drugs all through the life have to face the testing which implies the test of urine. Humans are the most important factor in deciding what is moral or ethical and their suffering is never justified as a means to any end.3. ‘So act as if you were through your maxims a law-making member of a kingdom of ends'Before making or implementing any law, the rights of others should always be kept in mind. No one should involve himself or herself in Prisoner’s Dilemma i.e. n obody should just follow the selfish interests and others should also not become a puppet and gets stuck in the web of incredulous life.   The American Civil Liberties Union opposes indiscriminate urine testing (American Civil Liberties Union Briefing Paper Number 5 +—————————–+ DRU)The Kant theory says that human nature was fundamentally good and can understand and inherent in their character, the moral choices. It is immoral to take drug in Work places because it can be harmful to the company, but intruding into the privacy of the individual even if he or she is innocent which according to the company is an act of morality but amount to unethical behaviorAs the man was born in this world, he is carrying along generation to generation among others the characteristic or trait of what he called as Selfishness or selfish motive. And this trait is explicitly integrated in the theory Psychological egoism, which prop ounds that every person is in a possession of but one ultimate aim: her own welfare. All the activities that he does indirectly or directly are encircled around his or her own interest.   If you are doing something for your own sake that intricately involves your activity is benefiting yours and others and also must have desire to do the thing for your own sake.Desire is the most prerequisite thing for psychological egoism. If it is a desire to do certain things then the satisfaction of these desires is a part of your welfare. If I am helping others and here also your desire comes and is a part of welfare. In this case of drug testing, here the employers implies the drug testing for the welfare of others but it is his self interest or urge of profitability and maintaining morality in the work place that plays in the mind of the employers while imposing drug testing on employees. This is a law in itself but became a desire – a desire of employers.A bigger problem for psychol ogical egoism is that some behavior does not seem to be explained by self-regarding desires. Say a soldier throws himself on a grenade to prevent others from being killed. It does not seem that the soldier is pursuing his perceived self-interest. It is plausible that, if asked, the soldier would have said that he threw himself on the grenade because he wanted to save the lives of others or because it was his duty. While this law is encircled with lot of criticism, the psychological egoist implies that what employer is doing is right.Though he is pursuing his own self-interest then also it is advocated that what he is doing is good for the Society as a whole. But he might is taking away the right of job to the deserving or qualified candidate, it is also possible that though he must he taking drugs in the past but has recently put an end to it. In this situation, you are deriving his or her fundamental right to live.This psychological egoist indicates that companies should adopt the method or procedures by propagating the welfare and profit that is attached to this law, and then implemented with the self-interest of the company, explaining all the positive effects to the people.In-fact, the law states that you don't have to submit to drug testing if you don't want to. That's your right. But, the consequences might be the same if you failed to comply the drug testing, because then you will be considered guilty until you are proven innocent under the current program. Again, under municipal or state drug testing laws, an employer might have good cause to fire you, while potential employers might refuse to hire you.This drug testing may reduce drug-related problems, but it may not reduce the harm that the drugs caused in society. Indeed, this process increases the harm to those not deterred, by causing collateral harmful impacts on family members and others.Its desire impact on the Society is the decrease in employment opportunities for drug users, additionally it also creates economic problems for drug users and their families, and in turn the trauma that is caused due to unemployment again increases the chances of drug users towards more use of drugs to relieve from trauma and stress. For example, in 1990, 1.1 % of employed adults use the cocaine, whereas the rate for unemployed adults was 2.7%, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991. Thus the removal of drug use from the work place may not reduce the number of problem users but may actually increase it.REFERANCES1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Legal status of drug testing in the workplace, http://eldd.emcdda.europa.eu/index.cfm?fuseaction=public.Content;nNodeID=16901;sLanguageISO=EN, Last change: Tuesday, 31 October 20062.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drug Testing in the Workplace, From the ‘Lectric Law Library's stacks, http://www.lectlaw.com/files/emp02.htm3.      Shaver Robert, (4th Nov. 2002), â€Å"Egoism†, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Athenian audience Essay

Athenian audience with the references made to Athenian hypocrisy and the challenges and questions he raised on some of the moral issues of the time and the questions that he asked in his plays were sometimes ill received such as the role of women etc. Despite this, Euripides did win the tragedy prize with ‘Hippolytus’ and is revered as a great playwright in present day drama. From some of the female characters that Euripides develops in his plays, one could assume that Euripides was a misogynist. However, it is wrong to say that all of his female characters are wicked and evil; Euripides has created some wonderful and interesting female characters as well as the wicked ones. Perhaps ‘The Assembly Women’ actually had wrong motive for their revolt! In ‘Alcestis’, the title character, the wife of Admetus (the King of Pherae) sacrifices herself for her husband’s life. A most noble act and Euripides portrays her character, as the model of what a Greek wife should be: completely and utterly devoted to their husband to the extent of dieing for the man that supports them. The Greek audience and modern alike will like Alcestis, as she is a sweet natured and noble woman. She most certainly would have won the hearts of the Greek audience. As she is such a noble character and the measure of her kindness toward her husband is so great, Euripides had to bring her back. So the heroic Heracles wends his way to Hades’ kingdom and brings her back. In ‘Electra’, again the title role, at the beginning of the play, comes across as a very sorrowful young woman. She has cut her hair out of mourning for her murdered father, Agamemnon. He was murdered by her mother, Clytemnestra, as he had to sacrifice their daughter and then brought home a concubine (Cassandra). When Agamemnon did get home, Clytemnestra had fallen in love with Aegisthus. Therefore, so far in the play, Electra comes across as a woman very much devoted to her father and hates her mother for murdering him. So far so justified. However, when she happens to meet her brother, Orestes, she convinces him to kill their mother. At this point she comes across as a very wicked conniving young lady. It seems as though she had been waiting for Orestes return to make him do this. When Orestes has doubts over killing Clytemnestra, she bullies him into doing it. She knew the result she wanted to get and she got it. Clytemnestra, if you haven’t read or seen Aeschylus’ ‘Agamemnon’, comes across as a less conniving woman than her daughter. She comes across as a very powerful and domineering woman. She arrives in the play in a chariot and commands the slaves to help her down. She is very aware of her class and position and will not back down from her decision to murder Agamemnon and regards it as the right thing to do. In this sense we must respect her for sticking by her decision and understand that Agamemnon did kill their daughter and come back with a concubine. In a very slight way, she is justified. Therefore, Euripides has created in Electra a very complicated character. We as the audience or readers assume that she had been planning her revenge on her mother for some time and was just waiting for Orestes return to enact it. Before this point however, we can sympathise with her loss of a father and the pain that she must be going thorough to have the knowledge that it was her mother who murdered him. Clytemnestra, from this play, comes across a woman who sticks by her decision and who in speech ha the capacity to justify and handle herself well. Euripides has created two complicated female characters and in his portrayal of them has shown no signs of his rumoured misogyny. Euripides creates one of the greatest roles for any actress to play in ‘Hecabe’. The title role is not the aforementioned feet of extraordinary characterisation. However, Hecabe as a character is very interesting. The audience comes away not knowing what to think of her. She begins the play as a woman who has endured such a lot of pain as the former Queen of the now sacked citadel of Troy. She has reached the limit of endurance and collapses in sorrow. She has lost her entire family to a war over one woman, the infamous Helen. At the end of the play, however, she literally snaps from a grief stricken widow to a raving savage. She has Polymestor blinded and enjoys the gruesome description of the event and the sounds. According to legend, Hecabe turns into a dog due to her extreme torment that results into madness. This is what Polymestor tells her at the end of the play when his blind by her decision. The character this section opened with by praising is Polyxena. She is Hecabe’s daughter and Euripides develops her character beautifully. Odysseus informs Hecabe that her daughter must be sacrificed to the deceased Achilles. Without shedding a tear, Polyxena, heroically goes with Odysseus to accept her fate. As she is taken to the tomb of Peleus (Achilles father), Greek soldiers hold her and Achilles’ son gets ready with his sword to kill or to sacrifice her. She asks not to be held and the soldiers are taken away. She then tears her clothes off to the wait and bravely speaks and awaits the sword to be thrust into her chest. Euripides in this play has created two memorable female characters. The brave and heroic Polyxena and the complicated Hecabe. Again, no sign of any misogyny on Euripides part here, in fact the opposite in Polyxena’s case. Creating a heroic woman is no mean feet in Ancient Greece and her character must have been received well as she is incredibly strong of character and of heart. Another great female character in Euripidean literature is Heracles wife Megara in the play ‘Heracles’. The play tells of how Hera (Queen of the gods, married to Zeus, who’s father to Heracles) turned Heracles mad and in his madness killed his three sons and his wife Megara. This then lead him to go to the Delphic Oracle that told him to be a slave to Eurytheus thus leading to his infamous twelve labours. Anyhow, Megara, at the beginning of the play, thinks that she is a widow and is a vulnerable woman who has to be strong for her three young sons. However, Heracles actually is not dead and comes home to them in Thebes. He is then turned mad by Hera and shoots two of his sons with arrows in his madness. Megara takes the last son and locks herself in room but Heracles breaks in and shoots them both with one arrow.