International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

International business - Essay Example The foundation of this approach is that the developing country takes up industrialization and upgrades its own industries by capitalizing on the learning opportunities that are made available through its external relations with the more advanced countries. Japan is the primary source of inspiration for South Korean business because it has been the hub of industrialization in the post war scenario. Manufactured goods and primary commodities arrived mostly from Japan, which has also been the largest source of Foreign Direct Investment in South Korea. Diversification, stabilization and growth momentum are three aspects of the Japanese economy that have been vigorously adapted by South Korea. For example, in the post war reconstruction scenario, the South Korean state undertook early import substitution projects in cement, fertilizers, oil refining and synthetic fibers, utilizing Japanese imports as a means to standardize and develop its own products. Kim (1987) has explained how the Japanese tradition of considering bureaucratic careers as a means of legitimacy for State initiatives was also followed in South Korea, where the bureaucracy and the military have managed to retain themselves as elite groups. The most powerful bureaucratic organ was the Economic Planning Board, which coordinated economic policy through a control of the budgetary processes. Managers of the EPB were promoted into ministries, which produced strong ties between the regime and the largest conglomerate businesses, Chaebol, paving the way for rapid economic development by establishing its legitimacy in accordance (Evans, 1995). These Chaebols like Samsung and Hyundai were modeled along the lines of Japanese firms such as Sony and Toyota a group of formally independent firms that are operating in diverse industries and are controlled by family members, congregate into a large business group that is able to overcome market imperfections through the creation o f

Administrative law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Administrative law - Essay Example Law Administration falls under as a set of laws for the people (Nyberg, 2013). The set of laws that fall under the agencies in administration having certain powers to be executed can be regarded in Administrative Laws of United States of America (USA). The Administrative Law is also called regulatory law. These administrative bodies serve the function to use their finite powers to bring peace and demolish injustice in complicated situations on public level. The role of Law Administrative Agencies is not only unique but precise in terms of its application. The Administrative authority is given by the Congress (HG, 2014). The agencies of the law administration publish their hearings of regulations that can be accessed by the common man which is commonly available on print and electronic media. The Law Administration is considered to be the basic model to shape up and enforce regulations in any society. It has certain hearings and briefings consisting of rules, orders, regulations, laws, that are held together in proper compilation which are later published which can be easily accessed from print media and electronic media (DL, 2014). This deals in amending the already existing rules and regulations that are found in favor of mankind. The masses are to be provided rights that can be enjoyed from grass root level. An existing law that had been terminated its implementation formerly can be introduced once again which falls under Rule Making. This deals in formulating new set of laws and regulations that are to be presented and shaped in such a way that are in favour of people. Agencies aim to ensure the common man to enjoy huge amount of benefits and work day in and day out to make it a reality for the people present in society. Administrative Laws that are governed by the states have their own set of rules and regulations to be implemented. An example can be considered where State governments would be appealing the

Strategic Analysis Of Crh Plc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Strategic Analysis Of Crh Plc - Case Study Example It now utilises a unique strategy for corporate management, strategy and competitive drives. The report will first identify the strategy that CRH pursues. This will involve the critical analysis of the strategic approach used by the company to attain success over its history. The second section of the essay will examine the nature of parenting advantages that CRH has attained. It will examine the extent to which CRH has created value over the years by vertical integration and entrance into other markets. The third segment of the paper will critique the corporate-level management of the company and how this has been used to attain optimal results. This strategic analysis will involve the critique of secondary sources to ascertain important ideas and concepts. This will be applied in the analysis and eventually culminate in the final portion which will involve the development of a programme for future action by the corporate management team of CRH. Strategy of CRH Strategy is defined a s â€Å"the way a company creates value through the configuration and coordination of its multimarketing activities† (Furrer, 2011 p2). This means strategy is about the ways a means a company makes the best of its activities to provide optimum results from its affairs. Johnson and Scholes state that strategy has three main features: 1. It is a long-term plan 2. It affects the entire organisation and 3. It involves top level management Strategy is therefore the plan and pattern of an organisation which is used to streamline its affairs in order to deal with competition and thrive in an industry (Langeer and Hapiewocki, 2011). It is formulated by careful examination of the business environment and the formulation of an appropriate strategy (LaForge et al, 2010). The strategy of CRH plc revolves around three things, vertical integration/internationalisation, product development and niche-market leadership. This enables CRH to maintain a robust and strong system of managing acros s a wide frame of activities and products to retain competitive advantage and maintain leverage. Vertical Integration & Internationalisation Vertical integration is the combination in one firm of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate firms (Johnson and Scholes, 2012). This means a firm acquires another entity that operates within its industry and merges the different businesses to operate and attain results. Since the 1970s, CRH has sought to expand and acquire new entities around the world in order to expand into different markets. They used the expertise of the local markets and this allowed them to control different markets and gain advantage in those foreign markets. Through this, CRH, an Irish entity has 50% of its revenue from North America and 35% from Europe and is growing in the emerging markets with 15% of its revenue from this part of the world. Clearly, the process of vertical integration is helping them to control strategic outlets. Product Deve lopment The consequence of globalisation and internationalisation has caused CRH to adapt to the local environments within which they operate. To this end, CRH has become a major entity in product development to fit the exact needs of various global segments they operate within. CRH produces various products and services that are in demand in a given environment and they learn about it through their federal system of management which allows various units to remain autonomous. This enables the various regional leaders to come up with strategies and develop products that are relevant to their unique markets and their unique needs and expectations in the region. Product development is aided by a proactive system where the market research is conducted and revenue generation is examined to attain a

Administrative law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Administrative law - Essay Example Law Administration falls under as a set of laws for the people (Nyberg, 2013). The set of laws that fall under the agencies in administration having certain powers to be executed can be regarded in Administrative Laws of United States of America (USA). The Administrative Law is also called regulatory law. These administrative bodies serve the function to use their finite powers to bring peace and demolish injustice in complicated situations on public level. The role of Law Administrative Agencies is not only unique but precise in terms of its application. The Administrative authority is given by the Congress (HG, 2014). The agencies of the law administration publish their hearings of regulations that can be accessed by the common man which is commonly available on print and electronic media. The Law Administration is considered to be the basic model to shape up and enforce regulations in any society. It has certain hearings and briefings consisting of rules, orders, regulations, laws, that are held together in proper compilation which are later published which can be easily accessed from print media and electronic media (DL, 2014). This deals in amending the already existing rules and regulations that are found in favor of mankind. The masses are to be provided rights that can be enjoyed from grass root level. An existing law that had been terminated its implementation formerly can be introduced once again which falls under Rule Making. This deals in formulating new set of laws and regulations that are to be presented and shaped in such a way that are in favour of people. Agencies aim to ensure the common man to enjoy huge amount of benefits and work day in and day out to make it a reality for the people present in society. Administrative Laws that are governed by the states have their own set of rules and regulations to be implemented. An example can be considered where State governments would be appealing the

Working Construction Essay Example for Free

Working Construction Essay Introduction The issue of discrimination by class, race and gender in the society is the subject of hot debates our days. Though most people consider themselves as very tolerant persons, the fast show women and dark-colored people are still discriminated in society. Two books are under analysis in this essay: â€Å"Dream from my father† by Barack Obama and â€Å"Well Call You If We Need You: Experiences of Women Working Construction† by Susan Eisenberg. Both this books are autobiographical, written on the base of author’s personal experience. The events on both books go back to the time of twenty-thirty years ago. Both of them allow understanding the real situation with the race, class and gender discrimination in the USA in the end of the twenty century. The common ideas in the books of Obama and Eisenberg The first chapter of Obama’s book describes the very beginning of his career in Chicago. In 1985 Barack Obama arrived to Chicago to work as a community organizer. The history of this city in the second part of the twenty century led to the corruption of the government, the stratification of the society and the high level of unemployment among the lowest-income colored population. After the â€Å"white flight† in 1960th (when the whites left areas where non-Whites are settling, mostly for suburbs) poor districts were left to their own resources. Industry changed and there were not work for low-level workers. City government did not try to change the situation; anyway, poor blacks did not want to get help from Whites. â€Å"†¦the last thing we need is to join up with a bunch of white money and Catholic churches and Jewish organizers to solve our problems â€Å"(Obama, 89) In thus way Chicago was polarized and there was not way to solve the problem. Whites didn’t try to help the poorest part of the population, and Black didn’t want to get help, but their life was awful and having no prospects. However, at the beginning of Obama’s work in Chicago Harold Washington, the first African American, was the mayor of Chicago that time and his administration really tried to reduce the unemployment of the ethnic blacks. Obama started his work like every enthusiastic young manager in the Altgeld, one of the poorest districts of Chicago not far away from city dump, but soon he understood; to help these people he had to learn them. A lot of money from city budget (Obama tells about $500,000) was granted for the employment program in such districts, but money went away and programs did not work. However soon young Barack succeed in some of his objectives, for example he took part in the opening of new MET (Mayor’s Office of Employment and Training) station. Most analytics think that this period of Obama’s career was unsuccessful. However it is obvious that Obama have got a great experience. During his first period in Chicago Obama understood that he could not press to the politic machine from the outside. Thus, when he returned, he began his path to the â€Å"sanctum sanctorum†. He tried to meet important and influential people and to work with them. The upper stage of his career is the position of the President of the United States, so the experience of that man is very useful to learn for those who want to know more about the real situation of the American society. For those who consider the book of Obama insufficient or isn’t interested in the problems of African Americans the book of Susan Eisenberg can be interesting. The author describes her career as the electrical apprenticeship. That year President Jimmy Carter started new program of the inclusion of women in apprenticeship programs to increase the percent of working women. Many of young women at the beginning of their careers were excited with this new perspective and started to work. However the reality happened to be severe and merciless. Eisenberg used not her only experience, but the memories of thirty women approximately of the same age, who believed in the historical transformation of the society and pioneered as carpenters, electricians, ironworkers, painters. They hoped under Carter’s program they will obtain challenging job, the support of the trade union, the respect in society and the better attitude. In reality the gender barrier was still tough and no changes were seen. Eisenberg Reminds when she arrived as the electrical apprenticeship to work in some building, the guard didn’t let her in. He decided she was a terrorist. Though is has happened thirty years ago, the chance to meet terrorists seemed more probable to this guard than a chance to meet female electrical apprenticeship. Conclusion The authors of two books under analysis are different people – by gender, by race, by the development of their carrier. However the one common feature is in this two books: both authors describe how they faced the discrimination and in what way they struggled with it. References Obama, Barack. â€Å"Dreams from my father† New York: Random House (January 9, 2007); eBook; ISBN 0-3073-9412-3 Eisenberg, Susan. â€Å"Well Call You If We Need You: Experiences of Women Working Construction† Cornell University Press 1999. ISBN-13: 9780801486050

Principles of Corporate Social Responsibility

Principles of Corporate Social Responsibility CSR can be defined as an organization taking responsibility for the results of its activities upon employees, customers, the community and the environment. Usually organizations voluntarily exercise their improvements, commitments and performance reporting. CSR is the need for organizations to consider the greater good of their actions and the effect on all those around the organization from within, local community and globally. Often the effects must be thought of in terms of the economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic impact or basically business decision of cost to implement versus return on investment. CSR is the process that guides company decision making and implementation activities in the areas of human rights, environmental standards, and compliance with legal requirements within its operations. PRACTICE: CSR can be thought of as the challenge organizations face to balance their social responsibilities with that of increased earnings and concerns according to shareholder and stakeholder expectations. CSR is generally applied to wherever firms operate encompassing both domestic and global economy. CSR applies to both the private sector commitments and activities then stretches beyond the just compliance with laws. Many organizations believe that focusing on new opportunities in interrelated economic, societal, or environmental demands in the marketplace provides a competitive advantage and stimulates creative solutions. PARTICULARS: CSR activities usually address many aspects of a firms behavior and key elements like health and safety, environmental community development, human rights, human resource management, community development, consumer protection, labor protection, supplier relations, business ethics, and stakeholder rights. Organizations are motivated to have stakeholders involved in their decision making process. A CSR approach is to promises the following. Improved financial performance. Improved accountability to investors. Improved employee commitment. Improved community relationships. Improved product branding. PERSONS: Bristol-Myers CEO Peter Dolan- His company has emerged from recent trouble due to issues stemming from the drug Plavix which is a blood thinner. Because of these and other past mistakes, Bristol-Myers has emerged a stronger company. An example is in the area of its environmental impact on the world, Bristol-Myers has reduced their greenhouse emission by 10% and worked towards obtaining a U.S. Green Building Council certified facility. Merck CEO Richard Clark- his company had problems with Vioxx, but has managed to solve those problems with programs that include a Corporate Responsibility Council that works to increase the number of employees involved. Transparency has been the major improvement within his company. HIP Investor CEO Paul Herman- is a corporate social responsibility consultant who believes grass roots produce the best solutions. One method is reaching out to the employees through an intranet that will give them a chance to express what improvements can be made and what community programs they will volunteer for. Korn-Ferry CEO Jay Millen- recommends a social; responsibility is not just a policy, it is a philosophy. A corporation should have a top-down strategy for CSR; if the philosophy and values are correct the rules will follow. PERIOD: Time period 1800s- CSR first started during this time period where companies that operated in rural areas build company towns. These towns including housing, stores, schools, and playground for children of their employees. Time period of 1930s- As part of President Franklin Roosevelts New Deal program, companies received tax breaks for donating money to charities. Time period of 1960s- Government steps in to regulate business with the formation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA), Equal Employment Opportunity Commission(EEOC), and the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). This has compelled some companies to become more politically involved by contributing time and money to non-profits. Time period 2005- Surveys show that 98% of large corporations apply CSR in their strategic planning and 84% have seen their profits increase because of their actions. PLACES: Australia Established human rights laws that mandated the corporations must practice proper ethical behavior and human rights principals within their country and overseas. United States Environmental Protection Agency has enforced the standards established by the federal government for corporations in protection of the environment. United Nations This global organization has established policy for human rights throughout the world. PHRASES: CSR key terms- Charity principle- The principle that the riches people in the world should donate to the less fortunate. Stewardship Principle- mangers have an obligation to ensure benefits from their actions in society. Reputation- The essential characteristics that a corporation that influence their relations with the stakeholders. Enlightened self interest- The view that a company can be socially aware without losing its own objectives. Corporate citizenship- Apply CSR into practice. Legal obligation- The laws a company must follow established by the government. Iron law of responsibility- In the long run, those that do not use their authority in actions that society consider proper will lose it. PICTURES: Paul Hawken quote- If they (companies) believe they are in business to serve people, to help solve problems, to use and employ the ingenuity of their workers to improve the lives of people around them by learning from the nature that gives us life, we have a chance (Amaeshi, Osuji Nnodin, 2008, p.223). Karl-Henrik Robert quote- Business is the economic engine of our Western culture, and if it could be transformed to truly serve nature as well as ourselves, it could become essential to our rescue (Iankova, 2008, p.77). Mikhail Gorbachev quote We need a new system of values, a system of the organic between humankind and nature and the ethic of global responsibility (Amaeshi, Osuji Nnodin, 2008, p.223). Robert F. Kennedy quote- The future is not completely beyond our control. It is the work of our own hands (Pava, 2008, p.807). David Korten quote- to achieve true sustainability, we must reduce our garbage index that which we permanently throw away into the environment that will not be naturally recycled for reuse to near zero. Productive activities must be organized as closed systems. Minerals and other nonbiodegradeable, resources once taken from the ground, must become a part of societys permanent capital stock and be recycled in perpetuity, organic materials may be disposed into the natural ecosystems, but only in ways that assure that they are absorbed back into the natural production system (Amaeshi, Osuji Nnodin, 2008, p.223). Martin Luther King, Jr. quote- Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter (Iankova, 2008, p.77). PROSPECTS: The European Commission list of benefits for companies that adopt CSR criteria: Business ethics, the personal commitment of the companys directors, improve competitive, strengthen the companys image, prevent negative publicity, lawsuits or campaigns against the company, increase customer loyalty, stand out from the competition, improve human resources management, strengthen the loyalty of management staff, attract new employees, improve adaptation to change, cost reduction, tax breaks, less worker strikes (Fuentes-Garcia, F., Nunez-Tables, J. Veroz-Herradon, R., 2008). Research conduct my recent surveys have concluded the companies that practice CSR have increase financial success. A confirm fact from a recent customer survey the 70 % of customers indicated that they were more likely to buy from a socially responsible firm, in turn 50 % indicated that they not buy from a firm that was not socially responsible. PROBLEMS: Multinational corporations using operate outside the control of international laws. There is no international forum in which they could be prosecuted. CSR has limitations. The major limitation is that most ethical behaviors or charities which come under CSR require financial contributions. Some mangers feel their propriety should be making a profit for the stakeholders instead of giving money away to charities. PERFORMANCE: Examples of corporation that practice CSR principles. Nike has improved working conditions in their operations overseas. FedEx has begun to use hybrid trucks. General Electric has built health care centers in Africa. Employees are a key for CSR; they volunteer for community projects, are loyal to the company which results in increased profits. An organizations reputation has an effect on CSR; the impact can affect financial performance positively. Philanthropy by CSRs is interpreted positively by the public and organizations are often given the benefit of the doubt resulting steady stock prices. Sales increase CSR for corporations; cause-related marketing initiatives generates money through increased product sales and at the same time benefit charities. Poor CSR can negatively affect earnings and stock prices because of potential lawsuits and fines. PUBLICATIONS: Amaeshi, K., Osuji, O. Nnodim, P. (2008). Corporate social responsibility in supply chains of global brands: a boundaryless responsibility? Clarifications, expectations and implications. Journal of Business Ethics, 81 (1), 223-234. Fuentes-Garcia, F., Nunez-Tables, J. Veroz-Herradon, R. (2008). Applicability of corporate social responsibility to human resources management: perspective from Spain. Journal of Business Ethics, 82 (1), 27-44. Iankova, E. (2008). From corporate paternalism to corporate social responsibility in post communist Europe. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 29 (1), 75-89. Iyer, A. (2009). Corporate social responsibility and farmer suicides: a case for benign paternalism? Journal of Business Ethics, 85 (4), 429-443. Lawrence, A. Weber, J. (2008). Business Society: Stakeholders, Ethics, Public Policy (12 ed.). New York, New York, United States of America: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Pava, M. (2008). Why corporations should not abandon social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 83 (4), 805-812. Pfau, M., Haigh, M., Sims, J. Wigley, S. (2008). The influence of corporate social responsibility campaigns on public opinion. Corporate Reputation Review, 11 (2), 145-154. Ubius, U. Alas, R. (2009). Organizational culture types as predictors of corporate social responsibility. Engineering Economics, 61 (1), 90-99. Valentine, S. Fleischman, G. (2008). Professional ethical standards, corporate social responsibility, and the perceived role of ethics and social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 82 (3), 657-666. National Directory of Corporate Giving. Directories Table HV80.N26. Columbia University Libraries database. http://www.columbia.edu/web/indiv/ business / refservices.html Web Sites and Internet Resources: http://search.ebscohost.com/ http://treehugger.com http://word.world-citizenship.org http://www.columbia.edu/ http://www.depauw.edu http://www.emeraldinsight.com http://www.google.com http://www.ineedmotivation.com / http://www.internationalpeaceandconflict.org/ http://www.robertfkennedylinks.com

Short Interfering RNA Essay -- Biology

missing figures Background Information RNA inference (RNAi) was first discovered in Cenorhabditis elegans nearly a decade ago and have been revolutionizing gene-function analysis ever since. This discovery began the process by which scientists work with a known gene sequence and attempt to define its biological function by disrupting its activity in vivo. It involves the introduction of homologous double stranded RNA (dsRNA) to specifically target a gene's product and to disrupt the function of that gene in vivo. The resulting effects on an animal are referred to as a phenocopy due to the fact that it copies the phenotype of a loss-of-function mutation of that gene, but is not really inherited like how a true gene deletion would be. Despite the variety of technologies, this was not possible before due to the lack of genome information. The advances in gene sequencing throughout the past couple of years have allowed various usages of available technology to go after any gene and try to identify the gene, as well as to understand its specific function. Once the sequence is known, an open reading frame can be obtained to find a specific coding region of a gene by looking for the universal start codon, AUG, and the universal stopping codon, UAA, UUA, or UAG. From there, RNAi can be introduced into cells of certain organisms, with dsRNA as the interfering agent that can result in the destruction and degradation of a sequence specific messenger RNA (mRNA) that mimics a loss-of-function phenotype. In other words, RNAi is a very efficient and highly specific way in which to inactivate gene function and can serve as an alternative to gene knockouts, or the conventional antisense technology. The mechanism of how dsRNA results in... ...of a marker gene and a hairpin expression cassette in a viral vector would allow single-cell or mosaic analysis of gene function. †¢ It may be possible in the future to apply this process of hairpin siRNA synthesis to studies of neurogenesis and differentiation in mammals. The information contained in this website comes from (or was sought out because of) the paper entitled "RNA interference by expression of short-interfering RNAs and hairpin RNAs in mammalian cells" written by Dr. Jenn-Yah Yu, Dr. Stacy L. DeRuiter, and Dr. David L. Turner at the University of Michigan's Department of Biological Chemistry. Citations: DeRuiter, Stacy. Yu, Jenn-Yah. Turner, David L. "RNA interference by expression of short-interfering RNAs and hairpin RNAs in mammalian cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. Vol. 99, Issue 9, 6047-6052, April 30, 2002