Monday, September 16, 2019
Police Control of Juveniles Essay
The paper that was written by Donald J. Black and Albert J. Reiss Jr. started by the definition of the deviance as a behavior in a group wherein there is a chance that there is a sanction when deviant behaviors are detected. This control approach as defined by the authors is a process carried on with the analysis, detection and the process of giving the adequate sanctions in the process of policing the juveniles.            Donald J. Black, as one of the authors of the study, was a professor of the social sciences at the University of Virginia. He completed his doctorate at the University of Michigan during the nineteen sixties. He pursued his post doctoral studies at Yale Law School as a Russell Sage Fellow in Law and law and social sciences. After that, he moved to the Harvard University during nineteen seventy nine. Where he held appointments in law school and the sociology department where he also used to be in the Yale School. After that, he taught as Law School teacher when he moved to the University of Virginia in the nineteen eighties.Due to his professorship, he is able to teach in any of the different schools and departments of the university.            Due to his wide experience in teaching and studies, he has numerous publications in the sociology of morality, law and conflict. Due to the expanding works o f Black, it includes works such as theory of the differential success of ideas, a theory of scientific theory, theory of scienticity, and theories of the behaviors of natural beings. The 1994 theory Prize plus the Distinguished Book Award of the American Sociological Association due to his most recent work: the Social Structure of Right and Wrong. His other work also include: (1) Behavior of Law which was translated to different languages; (2) The Manners and Customs of the Police and Sociological Justice, and ; (3) an article which has won him the Distinguished Scholarship Award still from the American Sociological Association entitled â€Å"The Epistemology of Pure Sociology†a recent article that was published in Law and Social Inquiry. He was also an editor of the Oxford University Press for the books called â€Å"Studies on Law and Social Control†.            Moreover, his popularity made him invitees as speakers and lecturers to a number of countries in the world: Denmark, Finland, Sweden, France, Scotland, Poland, England and Japan. Furthermore, he is father and founder of a sociological class which includes no psychology or even people as such. This sociological class is known as pure sociology. This sociological class is believed to publish a book regarding the subject with the title â€Å" the Death of the Person†. Also, other works such as a book-length project about a general theory about the prediction and explanation of the existence and of struggle in human relationships.            Another author, Albert J. Reiss is considered one of the greatest influences of the Penn Criminology. Reiss’ work’s distinct and uniform emphasis on the organized field research and evidence-based policy is considered the trademark of Penn Criminology.            Albert Reiss has been the research director for President Lyndon Johnson’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice during the nineteen sixties. Using laboratory like procedures and precision and direct observations, he has able to introduce a fresh way of studying violence. Due to his works, he has found out that the endangerment of having violence directly depends on the type of police encounter. The two types of police encounter is â€Å"proactive†and â€Å"reactive†. The first relies on the idea that the police has been invited by a person who is present in the area to intervene in the situation while the second one refers to the idea that the police has intervened in a situation even without the invitation of the people whoa are present in the scene. This means that the police has intervened in the situation at their own expense. From the results of the researches conducted by Reiss, he theorized that police encounters on situations with the consent of the people around brings about less resistance compared to the situations wherein the police has intervened on their own which brings about more resistance from the civilians that brings more violence. Reiss’ studies has made headlines that almost seventy five percent of all the white police exhibits racial discrimination against black civilians. However, the results of Reiss’ studies brings about the fact that there in no significant difference in the brutality of the police against black and white. He also found out that both races has been illegally assaulted and brutally treated in front of the public either during their arrest or not. Aside from Reiss’ project on police control, he also introduced the method of using surveys and studies of reported crimes. This method has detected high rates of undetected delinquent works among middle and upper class juveniles.            Reiss was born in Cascade, Wisconsin on December 9, 1922. He studied at Marquette University, however, he disturbed his studies by joining the US Army Air Corps in World War II by serving as a meteorologist. He finished his doctoral studies in sociology at the University of Chicago. While teaching at the university, he also led some studies regarding probation, juvenile and neighborhood delinquency. When he finished his doctoral studies during 1949, he was promoted to assistant professor. After that, he shifted to Vanderbilt University as he was delegated the chairman of the Sociology Department of the university in the 1952. After serving as the Chairman of the sociology department in the Vanderbilt University, in 1959, he moved to University of Iowa, then University of Wisconsin and then, finally serving as the chairman of sociology at the University of Michigan in 1961. He began doing his field research about police in the University of Michigan. And then, from 1970, until the year he retired in 1993, he began teaching at the Yale University. During his stay in Yale, he published â€Å"The Police and the Public†, his most influential writing about social organizations regarding police confrontation with citizens. He spent his time serving as a senior adviser to ranges of surveys, experiments and researches in Europe, United States and Asia.            Basically, the research that was conducted by Black and Reiss is about finding results on the official detection and countenance of juvenile aberrant. In the investigation, the study is centered on the specific conditions that would in effect cause the chance of having sanction by arrest with relation to the involvement of the police force in certain situations. In general, the study is about processing a control method for juvenile deviance. In relation, the study is also inclined to the interaction that is happening between the juveniles and the representatives of the police system. According to the research conducted: (1) most of the representatives of the legal system’s engagement with juveniles would come up due to the direct response of the citizens who take the drive in mobilizing the police during situations; (2) a high fraction of juvenile and police encounters occurs due to reasons that are of minor significance; (3) t he chance of having certain sanctions due to arrest was found out to be very low for the juveniles who have had encounters with the police; (4) the chances of having arrest increases with the alleged seriousness of juvenile offenses as defined by the criminal law for adults; (5) the way the representatives of the legal force sanctions the juveniles is directly dependent on the preferences of the complaints of the citizens during encounters; (6) there is highly significant difference between the number of blacks that are detained than the number of whites detained, however, there is low or even no evidence of racial discrimination; (7) situational evidence is very important in correlating the act of juveniles in order for an arrest to take place; and, (8) the chances of having arrest is most likely in respectful juveniles than those who are disrespectful.            The research continues from the deviance definition and is defined as applicable to any class of behavior wherein there is a great possibility of a sanction that is negative and is regardless of its detection. From the eight ideas that were gained from the research, it was known that there are different factors that relates the detection of the negative sanctions particularly the sanctioning of juveniles. Therefore, the research was made in order for the instances and factors that requires control for the existence of the situation. Moreover, the aim of the research was definitely to discover and investigate the organization of deviance and control.            The study of Reiss and Black about the juvenile control has examined the officers and the representatives of legal system’s encounter with the juveniles. They have employed a wide range of methods involving orderly approaches and systematic social observations. The research also took into account the actions that are done by the police and the juveniles in each of the different situations that they have encountered. They have also included the actions and reactions made by the police in their multiple attempts to resolve situations with juveniles. The research has also brought to public a more clear view of the kinds and varieties of offenses and situations in which juveniles can be involved. Moreover, the research also includes a broader scope on the situations that may bring about the juveniles into juvenile justice system and the like.            Generally, the research conducted by Black, Reiss and Lundman is focused on the decisions that are made by the members of the legal system when it comes to juvenile cases and in police-juvenile encounters. Another study conducted by Worden and Myers has similar scopes and documentations. This independent study in the other hand, is focused on the practices that can be observed in police and the representatives of the legal system during encounters and arrest of juveniles. This research also focused on the other forms anf kinds of the authorities that are used by the police such as, investigative tactics, advising, threats and commands. Still another study focuses itself on the contact records from 1968 to 1975 and analyzes the practices that are used by the police members in arresting juveniles. This research has been done Sealock and Simpson.            Generally, all of the studies that ere conducted were very similar to each other. They are focused on the decisions that are made by the police and the members of the legal system during or not during arrest and confrontations. All the researches aims to know the factors that helps the police and the legal system members decide on what certain actions are they going implement and what factors are they going to consider in implementing such actions.            There are also studies that only replicates the works of Reiss and Black. A study that is conducted by Lundman, Richard, Richard E. Sykes and John P. Clark entitled Prevention and Control of Juvenile Delinquency. For the author, Richard Lundman achieved his doctoral studies in the University of Minnesota in the 1973. Dr. Lundman is also an alumni and a distinguished professor at the Ohio State University. Lundman’s areas of expertise is in the deviance, white collar and corporate deviance, criminology, juvenile delinquency rate, race, ethnicity, policing and gender. He has also garnered certain awards such as Excellence in instruction Award of the Department of 2002 Sociology Undergraduate Students at the Ohio University. Also, he is recognized as an outstanding faculty member of the Ohio State University during 1997.            This work has been repeatedly updated and in its third edition, the work has been really updated and has included primary trends in the environment. It also covers neighborhood and  individual based origins of juvenile delinquency. The research also covers the study on the problems which includes the minority problems of ever representation i n the justice system. The study also include the situations pertaining to diversion.  It is also concerned with the vital projects that are fundamentally shaping the ideas, decisions and thoughts or actions regarding crimes that are achieved by the youth. The author of the study also added the idea that the things that has been done in the past should also be the ones to be done in the future. He also believed that doing less to the juveniles than doing more to them will be of great help to them.            Primarily, the research that was conducted by the author of the replication of the works of Black and Reiss supports the ideas that were given by the first research. The second research that was conducted by Lundman also believes on the ideas regarding the effects and results given by the reactions of the citizens and the juveniles in certain situations. Moreover, ideas that were presented in the second research were only reiterations of the first research. However, there are only certain changes in the scope and the primary concern of the research. Generally, there the scope and the primary concern of the research was broadened in the second research. The first research has only limited its scope in the juveniles and the representatives of the legal system before engaging in arrests and sanctions. It is also concerned with the results and the effects of the reactions and actions of both the juvenile, the representatives of the legal system as well as the citizens that are present in the situation. However, in the second research, it mostly is concerned with the broadening of the scope and the concerns of the research. If the first research is only about the juveniles and the representatives of the legal system, the second research has also included the reasons and effects that brought about the reactions of youth and the reasons that bring them into crimes.            As a summary, the two researches that were conducted by the three different authors are really of great help to the society, representatives of the legal system but also to the juvenile personalities inside and even outside the corners of the prison cell. It also aids in bringing out the idea that the possibility of racial criticism that is believed to be experienced by the black juveniles. Racial discrimination is believed to have been done by the representatives of the legal system during situations wherein the ones that achieved crimes are black. Discrimination is also believed to have been practiced by the police during application of sanctions. For so long, racial discrimination among the blacks and the whites is very rampant and is still believed that it can be still observed in certain situations nowadays. However, due to the researches conducted, it was discovered that the belief that racial discrimination can still be observed in the police and the manner of application of the sanctions to the juvenile is denied. Also, the researches has also set the ideas regarding the actions and reactions that can be observed during police involvement in certain situations. Reference New York Times (2006) In Memoriam: Albert j. Reiss Jr. Retrived, November 30, 2007, from http://www.crim.upenn.edu/reiss.htm. Sage Publications. (1978). Police Control of Juveniles. Retrieved, November 29, 2007, from http://jrc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/15/1/74. URMMA. Juveniles, Police Model Policy. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http://www.urmma.org/html/juveniles.html. Division of Criminal Justice (1990). Juvenile Matters. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http://www.state.nj.us/lps/dcj/agguide/juvenile.htm. Sherman, Lawrence. Criminologist Albert Reiss Dies at 83; Pioneered Research on Violence. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from www.yale.edu/sociology/news/docs/reiss_obituary_nyt.pdf. SCCgov. (2007). Representation for Juveniles. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from sccgov.org/portal/site/scc/chlevel3?path=/v7/SCC Public Portal/. New Hampshire Bar Association. The Rights of Juveniles. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http://www.nhbar.org/for-the-public/the-rights-of-juveniles.asp. Black, D. and Reiss, A. Police Control of Juveniles. American Sociological Review, Vol. 35, pp. 63-77. Â
Sunday, September 15, 2019
Secrets and the Scarlet Letter
â€Å"A secret between two is God's secret, between three is all men’s. †-Spanish Proverb. Secrets are not meant for being told. Usually everyone is supposed to take secrets â€Å"to their grave. †In certain circumstances, they must be told. Even though you’re thwarting your own honor by telling a secret, sometimes it must be done. In most cases, secrets should be kept, but in The Scarlet Letter, there are some that need to be told. There's nothing more powerful than finding someone safe to tell â€Å"the secret†to. No one knows how hard it is, unless they've been there. Your heart pounds, your body is rock rigid, you grind your teeth, your mouth is dry. You think of all the excuses to keep your mouth shut. They'll get mad. They'll laugh. They'll reject you. They'll treat it like it was nothing and tell you to forget about it. Or worse: they'll be polite, nod their head like they understand, leave and not ever have anything to do with you again. Even then, the depth of doubt, self-hate, fear and insecurity is so strong, that even after you tell even to someone who's been through it too you leave and wonder, did I say too much? Did I do the right thing? Will they hate me? Only experience lets you know your trust wasn't for nothing. In the Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne, Roger Chillingworth, and Arthur Dimmesdale all have secrets. They will do whatever they can to keep their secrets a secret. Except for Hester, whose secret has been made public by her wearing the scarlet letter A. Arthur Dimmesdale’s secret is the most lethal. He is keeping his secret to protect his reputation even though it’s eating away at him and keeping him from what he wants most; Hester. For example, in chapter 17 page 182, we are told that Dimmesdale’s secret has taken hold of his life and made him a miserable man. â€Å"There is no substance in it! It is cold and dead, and can do nothing for me! Of penance I have had enough! Of penitence there has been none! Else, I should long ago have thrown off these garments of mock holiness, and have shown myself to mankind as they will see me at the judgment-seat. Happy are you, Hester, that wear the scarlet letter openly upon your bosom! Mine burns in secret! Thou little knowest what a relief it is, after the torment of a seven years' cheat, to look into an eye that recognizes me for what I am! †Dimmesdale’s secret should be told because then he won’t feel so guilty and his shame and hypocrisy will not eat him alive. It also isn’t fair to Pearl that she has no father and won’t be able to have one because of Dimmesdale’s secret. She has no knowledge of him being her father because of what he had to do to protect his name. Girls should have a father figure in their lives, Pearl never had that opportunity. Roger Chillingworth also exhibits secrecy. He’s keeping his identity a secret because he wants to find out who Hester’s acquaintance was and he also wants to protect his high reputation as well. It isn’t right for him to keep his identity a secret because it’s putting other people in harm’s way which is a circumstance when secrets need to be told. The torture he’s doing to Dimmesdale isn’t dignified and un-puritan like. In chapter 14, Chillingworth says â€Å"I have left thee to the scarlet letter, if that have not avenged me I can do more! †This quote says that Chillingworth is willing to do more to Dimmesdale and make him suffer more which is making Chillingworth’s secret deeper because the more he does that Hester knows about, the more guilt she feels about keeping his identity a secret from Dimmesdale. His secret should be told because it goes against moral values of the puritans. In some cases, secrets shouldn’t be told. Those who keep a secret keep themselves moral. Keeping a secret and respecting the secrets of others, as opposed to prying into them, is a virtue of self discipline and sensitivity. The heart can be seen as a safe for keeping secrets. Intelligence is the lock, and will power is the key. Keeping secrets is important for your dignity, pride, and personal gain. In response to The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne is the only one who knows the secrets that Dimmesdale and Chillingworth are hiding from the townsfolk. Hester has to control her desire to tell the truth and practices the art of deception to hide these secrets. When she will not reveal the father of Pearl, Reverend Dimmesdale says, â€Å"She will not speak. †It is ironic that the person who committed the sin with Hester is the one who announces publicly that she will not reveal the name of the other sinner. Later, Chillingworth wants to know who it is and he says, â€Å"Thou wilt not reveal his name? †Hester refuses and continues to hold her silence. Then, Chillingworth, still trying to find out the name of her lover, comments, â€Å". . . but Hester, the man lives who has wronged us both! Who is he? †When he says this, he is hinting that he is going to do something to Dimmesdale. This is why Hester makes Chillingworth promise not to kill her lover if he finds out his identity. Chillingworth deserves to know who slept with his wife, although Hester should not have had to tell him. I think that Dimmesdale should have admitted that he was Pearl's father. Today, if a priest admitted such a crime, he would probably be sent to jail. However, in the novel, had Dimmesdale confessed, the townsfolk would have liked him even more. Hester also has to live with, and conceal, the secret that Chillingworth is her husband. When he comes to visit her in jail he says, â€Å"Thou hast kept the secret of thy paramour. Keep, likewise, mine! There are none in this land that know me. Breathe not, to any soul, that thou didst ever call me husband. †Hester shows great strength of character by her ability to keep the secret identities of her lover and her husband. There must have been times when the temptation to reveal her secrets was overwhelming, but she managed to do so. There are times when secrets must stay secrets and times when they should be told. The Scarlet Letter is an allegory for secrets. Chillingworth and Dimmesdale’s secrets should be told because they’re doing things for the wrong reasons and hurting either themselves or those around them. It was right for Hester to keep secrets throughout the book because she was looking out for herself, Pearl, and Dimmesdale and would do anything to make sure they weren’t in harm’s way of Chillingworth’s wrath. When it comes to secrets, to each their own. With different situations comes different ways to handle the condition and decide whether or not a secret should be held in or expressed for the world to hear. In most cases, secrets should be kept, but in The Scarlet Letter, there are some that need to be told.
Saturday, September 14, 2019
Spansion apart
Spansion (China) Ltd. offers workers at its plant in China's Suzhou Industrial Park many of the same employee benefits as scores of other nearby factories. What sets Spansion apart from the pack is the management style of its 47-year-old Singaporean chief executive officer, Loh Poh Chye. Most factories in the park, which is east of the city of Suzhou in the province of Jiangsu, offer medical plans, in-house training programs and promise to treat employees like family, says Mr. Loh. â€Å"But to me the difference is how you do it and how you engage the employees.I believe you have to show them it's not just slogans  you have to walk the walk. †That philosophy propelled Spansion to No. 1 this year in the Best Employers in Asia survey by human-resources consultancy Hewitt Associates. Spansion makes flash-memory products used in consumer electronics such as high-definition television sets and MP3 players. Headquartered in California, it employs 1,300 people in China and i s a joint venture between Advanced Micro Devices Inc. of the U. S. and Japan's Fujitsu Ltd. It is listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market. One of the first things Mr.Loh did at Spansion was to put in place a management team that thinks like he does. He also runs a mentoring program that pairs managers with someone two or three tiers below. And he gives each division a budget to fund an activity outside work such as a group dinner or a community-service oriented activity. Twice a month, Mr. Loh joins a dozen or so factory workers in the company's cafeteria to talk about staff issues ranging from pay scales to career goals to the quality of the canteen's food. So far, his strategy is working. Staff turnover in Suzhou Industrial Park averaged 30% last year, Mr.Loh says, but Spansion's rate was half that, even though its pay scales lag some other companies in the park. Hewitt Associates conducts its survey every two years. It started the surveys in Asia in 2001 and this year's involved 772 co mpanies and 160,000 employees in seven markets. Besides China, Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore, Hewitt added for the first time Australia and New Zealand, which are treated as a single market, and Japan and India. In addition to quizzing CEOs and their human-resources departments, Hewitt does random polls of employees.The data is then evaluated by independent judging panels appointed by Hewitt, and winners selected. â€Å"It comes down to getting the basic things right, but most companies seem to let a lot of stuff get in the way of that,†says Andrew Bell, head of Hewitt Associates' regional talent and organizational consulting practice. â€Å"Everyone these days will say ‘our people are really important' but when you get inside these winning organizations, there's a deep philosophical belief about that  and it starts with the CEO, and cascades from there. â€Å"Joining Spansion at the top of Hewitt's survey are Three on the Bund, a company that runs fou r restaurants, a spa, an art gallery and high-end retail outlets in an historic building in Shanghai, and the Ritz-Carlton hotel in Hong Kong. Hotels usually rate highly in the best employers survey and this year five of the top 10 are hotel companies. According to Hewitt's research, hotels often top the survey because they have to be the best kind of employer. Every employee  from housekeeping staff to bellhops  has contact with the customers, and one bad experience with a maid can ruin a hotel stay.Hotel managers must engage and motivate each employee, not just top-tier managers. So, top-tier hotels are run on the premise that employee satisfaction leads to guest satisfaction. Hotels also offer great mobility: They tend to hire from within and value customer-service experience, which is gained in every hotel job, as much as formal education. A bellhop, for instance, can work across and up to become a food and beverage manager. Indeed, Hewitt's latest survey shows t hat workers from all industries rate recognition and career prospects far above pay. The Ritz-Carlton in Hong Kong, like other hotels in the U.S. chain, has an effective communication program, Hewitt says. Managers meet with employees in their team at morning meetings to brief them on what's going on with the hotel that day. At these daily meetings, Ritz-Carlton managers acknowledge staff who've done something to stand out. They also read out the company's employee pledge: â€Å"Our ladies and gentlemen are the most important resource. †The company backs that up with human-resource programs to help employees identify areas of strength and set career goals, and provides training to help them achieve those things.â€Å"As part of our culture and philosophy, we constantly encourage internal growth as we strongly believe in talent retention and development,†says Mark Lettenbichler, general manager of the Ritz-Carlton Hong Kong. â€Å"With succession planning, we nurture and maximize talent, creating long-term careers†¦ and eventually building employee loyalty and commitment. †The Ritz-Carlton's human-resources policies also offer a lesson for companies in other industries. In an environment where everyone counts and anyone can climb the career ladder, employees are likely to be more committed and work harder, says Hewitt's Mr.Bell. That translates into profit. Hewitt's survey shows that companies that engage their employees have stronger earnings. The top 20 companies in this year's survey have had 75% higher revenue growth than the rest over the past three years; their productivity was 67% higher, and their profit growth 38% higher than other survey respondents. For Mr. Loh, a factory full of committed workers is well worth the extra effort he and his managers put in. It's not always about doing what employees want, he says; often it's simply communicating clearly why the company is doing what it's doing.Newly hired employees sometime s gripe about Spansion's pay. But Mr. Loh says good communication is key to keeping employees happy. â€Å"We have to be honest and tell them we are not the highest paymaster because we can't afford to be. We don't blindly pay the top market rate  but we do pay for performance,†says Mr. Loh. â€Å"So those who stand out get higher pay, and those who are below average get lower pay. †And when an employee complains that a colleague has been promoted above him or her, Mr. Loh challenges the employee to pursue a promotion, rather than sit back and wait to be singled out by a manager.â€Å"We are always willing to offer training to someone who's motivated, or move someone to a new department, laterally, to work across and up in a new area, †he says. â€Å"Sometimes when I say this, they start to get uncomfortable  they don't want to move out of their comfort zone. I tell them not to put all their career movements in the hands of the company â€⠀ (you) have to take ownership, discuss it with your supervisor, show your capacity and get out of your comfort zone. †Feedback is another big part of Mr. Loh's management strategy.Employees in Hewitt's survey say they like to be able to make suggestions, but don't like it when feedback forms are met with silence. Members of Mr. Loh's management team encourage staff to make suggestions on the company intranet, and respond to each individual suggestion, regardless of whether it is implemented. â€Å"The affinity level between myself and my department managers is very high. We're all very close  not just a friendship kind of close, but more than that; we spend a lot of time talking, and they can read my mind and I can read theirs,†Mr. Loh says.His managers have taken a page from his book; two years after Mr. Loh came to Spansion, department managers starting holding cafeteria chats of their own once a month. Mr. Loh, who joined Advanced Micro Devices in Singapo re 1984, started reading ancient Chinese texts for management tips in a bid to better connect with his employees when he was posted to China in 2001. â€Å"There's a saying in Chinese: attack the heart instead of the castle. Management is about winning and managing the heart of a person  then that person will start to believe in the vision you have.†Of course, â€Å"that's got to be accompanied by proper compensation and benefits,†he adds. â€Å"Most of the traditional Chinese literature talks about management style that focuses on managing the hearts and emotional qualities of a person, instead of the hard stuff,†says Mr. Loh. â€Å"I feel that it is in the blood of the old Chinese people  they value culture, they value a people-oriented style of management, and I think that carries over to this new generation. â€Å"
Friday, September 13, 2019
John Berger's Comparison of Fine Art to Commercial Art Essay
John Berger's Comparison of Fine Art to Commercial Art - Essay Example This is because fine art is often esoteric and ultimately meaningless. Art critics might be able to find meaning in certain works of art, but they would be the only ones. The common man would have great difficulty understanding the meaning of a man's urinal used as artwork. On the other hand, commercial art is supposed to be understandable and accessible or, at the very least, evoke powerful emotions. For this reason, commercial art is more successful in conveying messages to mass audiences then is fine art. Discussion John Berger states that abstract art has been adopted by corporate capitalism, which is causing these aesthetics to become emblems of economic power. He says that, through this process of reducing the aesthetics of fine art into something that is used to increase economic power for the entity that uses this art, the lived experience inherent in the art work is eliminated from the image of the art. This results, in his view, in a reduced area of experience, even though it claims to be universal (Berger, 2001, p. 296). This process of commercializing fine art, and the subsequent way that this transformation has robbed the art work of meaning is particularly anathema to Berger, as he feels that art comes from a primitive part of the artist, and that it comes from the lived experience of the artist (Berger, 2001, p. 296). For Berger, drawing and art is about discovery within the artist himself (Berger, 2001, p. 10). The power of the art comes from this lived experience, the faith that this experience can produce the art, and this is typically coupled with a skepticism of the society in which the artist finds oneself (Berger, 2001, p. 297). Thus, in transforming art in commercialism, it robs the art of this lived experience which is the essence, the very heart of the artwork. The meaning of the artwork is dead, at least the meaning that the artist intended, and the meaning is instead transformed into whatever the particular advertisement is attempting to sell. Berger was also highly critical of the fact that paintings have become so commodified. He states that no work of art may survive without becoming a valuable piece of property, and that this spells the death of the painting and sculpture, as â€Å"property, as once it was not, is now inevitably opposed to all other values. People believe in property, but in essence they only believe in the illusion of protection which property gives. All works of fine art, whatever their content, whatever the sensibility of an individual spectator, must now be reckoned as no more than props for the confidence of the world spirit of conservatism†(Berger, 2001, p. 215). Thus, the fact that paintings and sculptures must be commodified to survive in the long term spells the end of the art as we know it, in Berger's eyes. According to Papastergiadis (1993), Berger's issue with the commercialization of art would stem from the fact that Berger contends that art must give meaning to human e xperiences. In particular, art works to increase our understanding of the gap between freedom and alienation in everyday life. He also states that Berger is a combination of a Marxist, in which the art is integrated with the political, thus is an
Thursday, September 12, 2019
Dont Kill the Rooster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Dont Kill the Rooster - Essay Example The story gives an overview of two generations that have conflicting interests. The society expectations are kept under the test as the conversation between Sedaris and his brother. The writer uses a family set up to develop his comedy. Most people may consider his work as offensive due to the nature of language being used. The abusive words may limit the number of audiences willing to listen to the joke. It describes the manner in which a single vocabulary may mean differently across the age. The manner of presentation by the author may call for viewer discretion. On the other hand, those who are familiar with the terms may find the work funny taking less offense from the entire work. Nature provides room for divided opinions. A decision is made at different levels. The laughter that will be experienced after reading the piece may indicate the levels of acceptance. The target audience expects a unique characteristic of what the piece being presented with the delivery of the work bei ng left for them to judge whether it meets the desired standards. The offensive part of the comedy may be a temporary aspect as many may choose to adapt to the comedy. The title of the comedy makes the story to be comic. The title is ironic in nature hence the funny aspect appears in the title. The expectation of the reader may be lowered while reading the entire story where the structure changes to give room for a more complex approach the author. The storyline provides the writer to read along with his thought but differences may occur when a reader consider words used by his brother to be offensive. The writer’s choice to use offensive words is acceptable. Shannon describes the class of comedy to insult humor. The tool according to him plays part in gaining a larger number of audiences.
Prepare a Business case in 2250 words for a proposed project for an Essay
Prepare a Business case in 2250 words for a proposed project for an organisation of your choice - Essay Example At this, ADB envisions to create or change most war torn countries in this region into developing nations while having citizens who enjoy quality life. There are 67 members around the globe, 48 from the region while the remaining 19 are from other parts of the world. The ADB raises its funds through issuing bonds in the world’s capital markets and effectively managing its members contribution and earnings from its lending system. As such, these sources have accounted for more than two thirds of ADB’s lending power (Vision and Mission, 2). With the growing interest and attention in global warming and other environmental issues, governments around the world with the help of financial institutions have set up numerous projects that would protect and preserve the various eco systems globally. In line with ADB’s goal, it has recently shown interest in protecting and preservation of the environment and its natural inhabitants, particularly in Qinling Mountains, China (Region and Countries, 2). According to Asian Development Bank (1), Qinling Mountain is biologically rich region in which most inhabitants are threatened, endangered animals while there are endemic plant species which could only be seen in the area that also imply preventive measures in order to protect them. The Shaanxi Qingling Biodiversity conversation and demonstration focuses on preventing the area from collapsing due to natural problems posed by global warming and human intervention (Environmental Conservation Beyond Borders, 4) With its natural gift of biodiversity, Qinling Mountain and its human habitants have long traded unequally. Along with it, the land surrounding the area have also been under heavy burden due to the people living in the region. At such, the ADB’s Biodiversity Conversation and Demonstration in the Qinling Mountain would cover most of the major environmental problems as
Wednesday, September 11, 2019
The Broadway Cafe Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
The Broadway Cafe - Research Paper Example As it is mentioned, presently, most of the operations are not recorded, and the ones recorded are done so manually. Though businesses normally rely on lots of different spreadsheets, notes and data, the coffee shop, fortunately, has very little information on record. So, the first step would be to develop a database of all the items of the coffee shop, ranging from different specialized coffees, teas, bakery items, sandwiches, soups, and salads. Though Broadway Cafe has years of tradition and accumulated knowledge, they all lie in the hands of my grandfather. So, a Knowledge Management system will be introduced to prevent the loss of that information for good. Furthermore, the recipes of all items will be stored on computer, and only selected staff of the coffee shop will have access to the recipes, though information on items and their prices can be accessed by everyone. The next step will be to make the payrolls of the employees computerized. Using grandfather’s memory and e mployees’ help, the work history and payment of each employee will be stored on computer. The next stage will be to place computer kiosks so that all sales and purchases are recorded. Thus, all the transactions of the bakery will get computerized in the beginning. Here, help will be sought from accounting staff and IT experts as to what kind of information is required to be stored and assessed for smooth functioning of the firm. At this stage, I intend to introduce a special IT-based collaboration system for Broadway Cafe. This will help the sharing of knowledge and information among employees, customers, suppliers, and all others who are interested in Broadway Cafe. The best collaboration system for the cafe, in my opinion, will be a groupware system. This Groupware software will allow group interaction events such as calendaring, scheduling, and video-conferencing. It is very evident that having this system will allow the cafe to communicate with our customers and suppliers . In addition, this will help complete various tasks in time by properly listing things on an e-calendar. However, database backup is very important for the cafe. So, care will be taken to ensure everyday backup of information. In addition, there will be weekly back of important information. In addition, to ensure computer safety, employees will be allowed access only to limited areas of information that are needed for the smooth functioning of the cafe. Now, customers will have many options to order a product from Broadway Cafe. They can directly order at our counters, they can utilize the kiosks placed inside and just outside the cafe, or they can order from home by visiting our site. For easiness of payment, we will be introducing PayPal. Now, it seems that there are certain necessary renovations to be introduced at the cafe. The first one will be introducing an attractive menu, attractive uniform for the staff, and television screens and music in the cafe. In addition, internet facility will be made available in the cafe so that even the busiest business executive gets a chance to have a coffee while doing his business. After introducing these basic changes, it is time for the cafe to move on to think about developing its business using Information Technology. Now, after having computerized the cafe, it is time to use latest technology for attracting customers.
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